Effect of the Homogenization Process on Titanium Oxide-Reinforced Nanocellulose Composite Membranes

Indonesian pineapple production can reach 200 tons per day; however, pineapples generate a significant amount of waste. Pineapple peel waste can be used to make membranes. Composite membranes containing TiO2 have dense properties, low porosity, and increase the mechanical strength of the cellulose sheet. This research uses various ultrasonic homogenizers to homogenize the distribution of nanocellulose and TiO2 (50% and 100% power with 30, 60, and 90 minutes). The casting method is used to shape the membrane. The SEM test shows that the higher the power used and the longer the sonication time, the less agglomeration of about 1.63%/ cm2 and a thickness of 16.56 µm. Identification of X-ray diffraction (XRD) results shows that sonication treatment for too long causes the peak at an angle of 25o to disappear. The analysis revealed no new peaks in the diagram pictures that were found using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze the functional groups, but it is known that changes occur in the O-H bonds of cellulose and C=C. The 50% sample with a power of 60 minutes had the lowest roughness value of 1.008 µm. Furthermore, as the power and time on the sample are increased, the roughness increases

Seismic hazard assessment for Iran in terms of macroseismic intensity

We present the results of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Iran based on a statistical procedure specifically developed to manage macroseismic intensity data. This method takes into careful consideration the specific features of such data, which are characterized as ordinal, discrete, and confined within a finite interval, ensuring a logically coherent approach throughout the analysis. The results of our assessment are then compared with hazard maps generated using a standard approach, putting in evidence significant differences both on a national scale and relative to individual cities. This comparative analysis will be useful in identifying areas of utmost concern, where further studies are strongly recommended to yield hazard estimates of greater robustness and reliability. By pinpointing these critical scenarios, we aim to guide future research endeavors towards providing more accurate and reliable seismic hazard estimates. Identifying these critical situations facilitates the prioritization of resources and interventions, ultimately enhancing seismic risk mitigation efforts across Iran

Critical review of existing built environment resilience frameworks: Directions for future research

Resilience, in general, is widely considered as a system's capacity to proactively adapt to external disturbances and recover from them. However, the existing resilience framework research is still quite fragmented and the links behind various studies are not straightforwardly accessible. The paper provides a critical state-of-the-art review of both quantitative and qualitative considerations of resilience, approached from a built environment engineering perspective, with a focus on geo-environmental hazards. A research gap is identified and translated into a holistic and systemic approach to conceptualise resilience, factoring in related concepts such as vulnerability, adaptive capacity and recoverability. A generic built environment resilience framework is proposed informed by a critical and comprehensive review of the related literature. The paper concludes with insights into four key strategic areas requiring further research, namely: (a) risk based cost optimal resilient design and standards of buildings and infrastructures, (b) model based evaluation and optimisation of buildings and infrastructures, (c) integrated risk modelling, inference and forecasting, and (d) heterogeneous disaster data acquisition, integration, security and management

Probabilistic models, methods, and software for evaluating risk to civil infrastructure

The fundamental objective in this thesis is to advance the state-of-the-art in the field of infrastructure risk analysis. To meet this objective, probabilistic models, methods, and software are developed and applied. The work is conducted within a new reliability-based approach, in which reliability methods are employed to compute risk. Risk, in this context, means the probability of exceeding monetary loss. Evaluating such probabilities requires probabilistic models for hazards, response, damage, and loss. This motivates the contributions in this thesis, which are summarized as follows: First, a new computer program, called Rt, is developed. It is tailored to conduct reliability analysis with many probabilistic models. It orchestrates the interaction of models by means of a new object-oriented software design. Each model and analysis algorithm is represented by an object. As a result, new models and algorithms are easily implemented without modifying existing code. Another novelty is the parameterization of uncertainties, decisions, and model responses. This has several implications; one being that, in each step of an analysis, only the models affected by new parameter realizations are evaluated. Another novelty is the computation of “direct differentiation” response sensitivities in a multi-model analysis. Second, a library of new probabilistic models are developed and implemented in Rt. The models are intended for use in regional seismic risk analysis. The library includes new models for location and magnitude of earthquakes, and response, damage, and loss of building. The library also features damage and loss models for entire regions. Third, the models are applied in a risk analysis for the Vancouver metropolitan region in Canada. The primary results are “loss curves” and “hazard curves,” which show the probability of exceeding loss and spectral acceleration, respectively. As another example of results, it is found that Richmond is the most vulnerable municipality. Finally, new sensitivity measures are developed to prioritize the allocation of resources to mitigate risk and to reduce model uncertainty. In particular, these measures identify the buildings whose retrofit yields the most reduction in regional risk. They also identify the models whose improvement yields the most reduction in uncertainty.Applied Science, Faculty ofCivil Engineering, Department ofGraduat

STUDI KONDISI SARANA DAN PRASARANA BENGKEL PENGELASAN DI SMK NEGERI 2 LAMONGAN

ABSTRAK   Mahsuli, Taufiq. 2015. Studi Kondisi Sarana dan Prasarana Bengkel Pengelasan di SMK Negeri 2 Lamongan. Skripsi, Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Malang. Pembimbing: (1) Dr. Yoto, S.T., M.Pd., M.M. (2) Drs. Basuki, M.Pd.   Kata Kunci: kondisi sarana dan prasarana praktikum, bengkel teknik pengelasan   Bengkel/laboratorium pada sekolah menengah kejuruan merupakan sarana yang sangat penting, karena bengkel merupakan sarana  yang mejadi ciri khusus pada sekolah kejuruan. Melalui bengkel inilah sekolah kejuruan akan mendidik calon lulusannya menjadi manusia-manusia terampil yang akan mampu bersaing dalam mengisi pembangunan di segala bidang sesuai dengan bidang keahlian yang ditekuninya. Untuk menghasilkan tenaga yang profesional dan mampu mengikuti kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, penyelenggaraan sekolah menengah kejuruan/madrasah aliyah kejuruan (SMK/MAK) wajib menerapkan standar PermendiknasNo. 40 tahun 2008 tentang standar sarana dan prasarana sekolah menengah kejuruan/madrasah aliyahkejuruan (SMK/MAK.Sebagai tempat pelaksanaan penelitian penulis akan mengambil tempat di SMK Negeri 2 Lamongan, dikarenakan SMK Negeri 2 Lamongan adalah satu-satunya SMK baik negeri atau swasta yang mempunyai program keahlian teknik pengelasan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: (1) kondisi sarana ruang bengkel pengelasan di SMK Negeri 2 Lamongan, (2) kondisi prasarana/ peralatan dan mesin yang ada di bengkel pengelasan di SMK Negeri 2 Lamongan, (3) kendala yang di hadapi oleh sekolah dalam melengkapi sarana dan prasarana pada bengkel teknik pengelasan di SMK Negeri 2 Lamongan, (4) usaha yang dilakukan oleh sekolah dalam memenuhi standar sarana dan prasarana khusunya bengkel  teknik pengelasan di SMK Negeri 2 Lamongan. Penelitian ini tergolong penelitian kualitatif. Sumber data diperoleh dari kepala program keahlian teknik pengelasan, kepala bengkel teknik pengelasan, laboran bengkel teknik pengelasan, dan guru produktif teknik pengelasan. Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Kemudian data dianalisis dengan truangulasi. Hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kondisi ruang praktikum pengelasan masih kurang luas atau belum sesuai standar pemerintah, peralatan masih kurang banyak dan belum tertata rapi serta perbandingan antara mesin dan siswa belum ideal. Kendalanya terdapat padaruangan praktikum masih kurang luas, kurangnya daya listrik PLN pada bengkel las dan jumlah peralatan dikarenakan minimnya dana yang dimiliki sekolah. Usaha yang dilakukan pihak sekolah dalam melengkapi sarana dan prasarana adalah dengan mengajukan dana pada pemerintah dan siswa membayar iuran untuk perbaikan dan penambahan peralatan. Bagi Kepala SMK Negeri 2 Lamongan, segera melakukan pembangunan ruangan dan menambah jumlah peralatan. Bagi Dinas Pendidikan, diharapkan sering melakukan kunjungan ke sekolah terutama SMK, untuk melihat kondisi peralatan ataupun mesin yang ada, sehingga dapat dijadikan bahan pertimbangan untuk memberikan bantuan kepada SMK yang membutuhkan

Reliability-based seismic harzard analysis

This paper presents a new approach to probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. Hazard in this context means the probability of exceeding a measure of earthquake intensity. The main components of the proposed approach are twofold: 1) Reliability methods compute the exceedance probabilities; 2) Multiple probabilistic models compute the earthquake intensity. These two components are presented in details. The proposed methodology is employed in a comprehensive seismic hazard analysis of Iran with an area of nearly 1.65 million square kilometers and 112 sources of seismicity. In this analysis, a grid of 2045 points is chosen to produce a high resolution hazard map. The analysis consists of 861 random variables and 57,615 model instances. The primary results are seismic zonation maps. The results are compared to other studies that employed the conventional seismic hazard analysis for this region. This paper concludes with a discussion on the advantages and practical differences between the results of the reliability-based approach and those of the conventional probabilistic seismic hazard analysis.Non UBCUnreviewedThis collection contains the proceedings of ICASP12, the 12th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering held in Vancouver, Canada on July 12-15, 2015. Abstracts were peer-reviewed and authors of accepted abstracts were invited to submit full papers. Also full papers were peer reviewed. The editor for this collection is Professor Terje Haukaas, Department of Civil Engineering, UBC Vancouver.FacultyGraduat

Probabilistic analysis of soil-structure interaction

This paper studies the effect of soil-structure interaction on the seismic performance of structures taking into account the prevailing uncertainties. The motivation for this study stems from the significant uncertainty in the earthquake ground motion and in the properties of the soil and the nonlinear behavior of the structure. The soil-structure system is modeled by the sub-structure method. The uncertainty in the properties of the system is described by random variables that are input to this model. Monte Carlo sampling is employed to compute the probability distribution of responses that describe the seismic performance of the structure, such as the ductility demand. In each sample, a randomly generated soil-structure system is subjected to a randomly selected and scaled ground motion. The selection of the ground motion follows an “adaptive” procedure. An extensive parametric study is conducted to cover a wide range of systems. The results reveal the probability that soil-structure interaction increases the ductility demand on a structure designed according to fixed-base provisions of seismic design codes. For instance, certain structures designed as fixed-base but built on soil may experience higher levels of ductility demand. Furthermore, it is found that practicing the soil-structure interaction provisions of modern seismic codes increases the likelihood of significantly high outcomes of the ductility demand.Non UBCUnreviewedThis collection contains the proceedings of ICASP12, the 12th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering held in Vancouver, Canada on July 12-15, 2015. Abstracts were peer-reviewed and authors of accepted abstracts were invited to submit full papers. Also full papers were peer reviewed. The editor for this collection is Professor Terje Haukaas, Department of Civil Engineering, UBC Vancouver.Facult

Surrogate SDOF models for probabilistic performance assessment of multistory buildings: Methodology and application for steel special moment frames

This paper proposes a methodology for generating surrogate single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) models that can be utilized to estimate the probability distribution of the roof drift ratio of multistory buildings at various ground motion intensity measures. The use of an SDOF model as a surrogate for multistory buildings can significantly alleviate the high computational cost for probabilistic seismic demand assessment considering both model uncertainty and record-to-record variability. The surrogate SDOF model generated herein explicitly accounts for model uncertainties and can be used as an alternative to the nonlinear dynamic analysis of detailed building structures. Applications for such surrogate models include regional risk and resilience analyses and comprehensive parametric studies. To showcase the proposed methodology, an SDOF surrogate model for steel special moment frame (SMF) buildings is developed using the suggested surrogate SDOF model generating methodology. The properties of the surrogate model representing a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) structure are computed using a probabilistic function of the fundamental period of the structure developed using Bayesian linear regression. To validate the surrogate model for SMFs, the response statistics produced using detailed multistory SMF models are compared with those of the corresponding surrogate SDOF models. The results show that the proposed surrogate SDOF model captures the probability distribution of the roof drift ratio of SMFs up to collapse with acceptable accuracy while reducing the runtime by at least one order of magnitude

Surrogate SDOF models for probabilistic performance assessment of multistory buildings: Methodology and application for steel special moment frames

This paper proposes a methodology for generating surrogate single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) models that can be utilized to estimate the probability distribution of the roof drift ratio of multistory buildings at various ground motion intensity measures. The use of an SDOF model as a surrogate for multistory buildings can significantly alleviate the high computational cost for probabilistic seismic demand assessment considering both model uncertainty and record-to-record variability. The surrogate SDOF model generated herein explicitly accounts for model uncertainties and can be used as an alternative to the nonlinear dynamic analysis of detailed building structures. Applications for such surrogate models include regional risk and resilience analyses and comprehensive parametric studies. To showcase the proposed methodology, an SDOF surrogate model for steel special moment frame (SMF) buildings is developed using the suggested surrogate SDOF model generating methodology. The properties of the surrogate model representing a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) structure are computed using a probabilistic function of the fundamental period of the structure developed using Bayesian linear regression. To validate the surrogate model for SMFs, the response statistics produced using detailed multistory SMF models are compared with those of the corresponding surrogate SDOF models. The results show that the proposed surrogate SDOF model captures the probability distribution of the roof drift ratio of SMFs up to collapse with acceptable accuracy while reducing the runtime by at least one order of magnitude