Assessing the Temporal Relationship Between Changes in Neuroticism and Symptom Improvement in the Unified Protocol

Neuroticism is defined as the tendency to experience frequent and intense negative emotions accompanied by the belief that one could not cope adequately in response to stress. Neuroticism is associated with the development and maintenance of a range of emotional disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders, depression) and targeting this trait in treatment (rather than symptoms) may represent a more efficient approach to care. However, researchers have rarely measured neuroticism and symptoms frequently enough to establish temporal precedence between these dimensions. The present study is a secondary analysis that examined the temporal relationship between neuroticism and anxiety and depressive symptoms during a clinical trial of the Unified Protocol (UP), a treatment developed to address neuroticism. Participants (N = 38) meeting DSM-5 criteria for a primary emotional disorder completed six weekly sessions of the UP. We hypothesized that treatment with the UP will result in significant reductions in neuroticism and that changes in neuroticism would precede and predict changes in anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results suggest that within-person session-to-session changes in neuroticism precede and predict next session anxiety, but not depression. These findings add to the limited research assessing the temporal relationship between personality change and symptom change

Mechanismen der CO2 Toleranz bei Seeigeln des Genus Strongylocentrotus = Mechanisms of CO2 tolerance in sea urchins of the genus Strongylocentrotus

Increasing atmospheric pCO2 due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions are altering the carbonate chemistry of the oceans, inducing a drop in surface seawater pH (pHSW) and [CO32-] and an increase in seawater pCO2 and [HCO3-]. This phenomenon has been termed “ocean acidification” and has lately received considerable public and scientific attention. Atmospheric pCO2 of 1000 ppm and a concomitant decrease in surface ocean pH of 0.4 units can be expected by the year 2100-2300.The organisms examined in this study – echinoids – are keystone species in several ecosystems as well as economically important. Echinoids are characterized by a calcified skeleton in adult as well as larval stages. Calcifying invertebrates have been shown to be relatively vulnerable to CO2 induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. In most studies, echinoid adults and larvae responded with reduced growth and developmental rates to elevated seawater pCO2, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In order to fill some of the gaps in knowledge, the present work was aimed at characterizing pCO2 induced changes in acid-base regulatory capacity and energy budgets in two sea urchin species, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and S. purpuratus. Furthermore, this study investigated the adults’ physiological acclimation potential and studied ‘carry-over’ effects between different life cycle stages in response to environmental hypercapnia. Using feeding rates, aerobic metabolic rates and egestion/excretion rates measured in larval and adult sea urchins exposed to current (approx. 40 Pa, 390 µatm) and elevated pCO2 conditions (100 - 385 Pa, 990 - 3800 µatm), the present study demonstrated that the energy available for growth and development – so called ‘scope for growth (SfG)’ – was reduced in response to hypercapnic conditions and that SfG correlated with observed decreases in growth and development. In S. purpuratus larvae, the reduction in SfG was due to elevated energy demands for maintenance processes as indicated by highly increased metabolic rates which rose by up to 100%, while food ingestion was slightly but not significantly reduced. In adult S. droebachiensis, SfG was reduced due to a significant decrease in feeding rates and an increase in N excretion, while aerobic metabolic rates were not altered in response to elevated seawater pCO2. This drop in SfG significantly reduced gonad growth and fertilization success in sea urchins exposed to hypercapnic conditions for up to 4 months. In order to identify the processes that were supplied with increased energy in response to elevated pCO2, extracellular pH (pHe) was determined in larval and adult S. droebachiensis. Planktotrophic sea urchin larvae basically have two fluid compartments that could be impacted by changes in seawater carbonate chemistry: 1. the digestive system consisting of mouth, stomach and intestine and 2. the primary body cavity (PBC), filled with an extracellular matrix similar in structural appearance to the scyphozoan mesoglea, in which the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) construct the larval spicules. Acute and chronic declines in pHSW both led to linear decreases in PBC pHe indicating that PBC pHe is pH conform to the surrounding seawater and that no pHe compensation occurs in this cell free gelatinous space. Furthermore, environmental hypercapnia (250 Pa, 2470 µatm) led to a 0.4 units decrease in the highly alkaline stomach pH (pH 9.5) and may thus negatively impact energy acquisition by potentially reducing larval digestion potential. While several genes important for ion regulation and calcification were down regulated in S. purpuratus pluteus larvae, gene transcript abundance of several metabolic genes and Na+/K+-ATPase were increased in response to elevated pCO2 conditions. This is in line with the observed increased metabolic rates which may be due to increased energetic demands for ion regulation, particularly for additional alkalization of the stomach lumen. Furthermore, albeit larval survival was not impacted by larval exposure to elevated pCO2 (1175 µatm), a 5 times higher mortality of S. dreobachiensis juveniles after metamorphosis of exposed larvae indicated a clear bottleneck at the transition from the larva to the juvenile. Adult S. droebachiensis fully compensated hypercapnia induced acid-base disturbances by significantly accumulating [HCO3-]e after 10 days of exposure to 145 Pa CO2 (1430 µatm). Furthermore, they could sustain full pHe compensation and high [HCO3-]e for 45 days. Adult S. droebachiensis exposed to 123 Pa pCO2 for 16 month exhibited a fertility rate not different from control animals. Both experiments suggest that there is acclimation/adaptation potential in S. droebachiensis which is possibly due to its current distribution in a habitat with seasonal hypercapnic conditions. In contrast, sea urchins exposed to >284 Pa CO2 (2800 µatm) only partially compensated pHe changes with [HCO3-]e accumulation of maximal 2.5 mM above control values similar to the [HCO3-]e values of animals exposed to the intermediate pCO2. 71% of all animals could not sustain this compensation for 45 days exhibiting a strong metabolic acidosis. Possibly, pCO2 conditions above 280 Pa (2760 µatm) exceed the acclimation potential of S. droebachiensis. Accordingly, the present thesis demonstrated that environmental hypercapnia primarily impacts the energy balance and energy partitioning of different ontogenetic stages of Strongylocentrotid sea urchins leading to the observed reductions in growth and development. Shifts in energy partitioning likely disturb transitions between life cycle stages and may thus decrease recruitment success of sea urchins

An analysis of the factors influencing the location, design and layout of a frozen food fish plant.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Boston Universit

Pre- and post-migration defect in primordial germ cells from Dazl knockout mice

Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilMRC, Human Genet Unit, Edinburgh, Midlothian, ScotlandUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Mechanisms of CO2 tolerance in sea urchins of the genus Strongylocentrotus

Die Zunahme des Kohlendioxids in der Atmosphäre aufgrund anthropogener CO2-Emissionen führt im Oberflächenwassers der Meere einerseits zu einem Abfall des pH Wertes und der Karbonationen-Konzentration und andererseits zu einem Anstieg des pCO2 Wertes und der Bikarbonat-Konzentration. Aktuellen Voraussagen zu Folge wird der pCO2 der Atmosphäre in den nächsten 100 Jahren auf ca. 1000 ppm ansteigen und somit einen pH Abfall von 0,4 Einheiten im Oberflächenwasser der Ozeane hervorrufen. Es kommt zu einer Versauerung des Meerwassers, weshalb dieses Phänomen auch „Ozeanversauerung“ genannt wird. Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit Echinoiden – den Seeigeln -, die Schlüsselarten in ökologischen Systemen sind, und ökonomisch als begehrtes Nahrungsmittel eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Seeigel sind durch skelettbildende Kalkstrukturen sowohl im Adulten- als auch im Larvalstadium charakterisiert und wurden deshalb als empfindlichere Organismengruppe gegenüber der Ozeanversauerung eingestuft. Bisherige Studien zeigten, dass die Gruppe der Echinoiden im Adulten- so wie auch im Larvalstadium mit verzögerten und verringerten Wachstumsraten auf erhöhten Meerwasser pCO2 reagierten. Die Mechanismen, die dieser Entwicklungs- und Wachstumsverzögerung zu Grunde liegen, sind jedoch bisher noch nicht geklärt und sind Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit. Zunächst wurden Energiebilanzen für verschiedene Lebensstadien der beiden Seeigelarten Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis und S. purpuratus erstellt, um herauszufinden, ob eine energetische Verschiebung stattfindet, d. h. ob möglicherweise Energie von Wachstumsprozessen auf lebenserhaltenden Prozessen (z.B. der Ionenregulation) umgelagert wird. Als ein lebenswichtiger Prozess, der mit hyperkapnischen Bedingungen verknüpft ist, wurden die extrazellulären Säure-base-regulatorischen Fähigkeiten verschiedener ontogenetischer Stadien genauer betrachtet. Weiterhin sollte geklärt werden, in wieweit die adulten Tiere in der Lage sind, sich an die erwarteten klimatischen Veränderungen anzupassen und wie sich eine Akklimierung unterschiedlicher Lebensstadien des Seeigels (Adulte und Larven) an erhöhten pCO2 auf die Fitness der darauffolgenden Lebensstadien (Larven und Juvenile) auswirkt. Mit Hilfe der Ermittlung von Futteraufnahme, aeroben metabolischen Raten und Exkretionsraten in Adulten und Larven, die jetzigen (40 Pa, 390 µatm) und erhöhten pCO2 (100 – 385 Pa, 990 – 3800 µatm) ausgesetzt wurden, konnte diese Studie zeigen, dass sich die Menge an Energie, die für das Wachstum und die Entwicklung der Tiere bereitgestellt werden konnte, unter erhöhten pCO2 verringerte. In Larven des Seeigels S. purpuratus lag dieser Verringerung eine Erhöhung (bis zur Verdopplung) der metabolischen Raten zu Grunde. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die Tiere einen erhöhten Energiebedarf für lebenserhaltende Prozesse hatten und ihre Entwicklung mit dementsprechend weniger Energie versorgen konnten. Bei adulten Tieren konnte die Abnahme von Wachstumsraten auf reduzierte Fraßraten (um bis zu 30%) und erhöhte Stickstoff-Exkretion zurückgeführt werden. Diese führte bei einer Inkubationsdauer von 6 Wochen bis zu 4 Monaten zu einer signifikant erniedrigten Gewichtszunahme der Gonaden bzw. einer Einschränkung der Fertilität der Weibchen. Untersuchungen des extrazellulären pH (pHe) in Larven und Adulten des Seeigels S. droebachienis dienten einerseits dem Aufschluss, ob die Tiere in der Lage sind ihren extrazellulären pH zu regulieren und ob möglicherweise ein erhöhter Energiebedarf für die pH- und Ionen-Regulation besteht. Bei Seeigellarven gibt es zwei flüssigkeitsgefüllte Kompartimente: zum einen den larvalen Verdauungsapparat bestehend aus Mund, Magen und Darm und zum anderen die primäre Körperhöhle, den gelatinösen zell-freien Raum zwischen äußerem Epithel und dem Verdauungssystem, in dem die kalzifizierenden primären mesenchymalen Zellen (PMC) das larvale Skelett aufbauen. Untersuchungen unter akuter und chronischer pCO2-Exposition von Larven konnten zeigen, dass der pHe der Körperhöhle mit dem pH des Seewassers (pHSW) konform ist. Weiterhin führte eine chronische Inkubation der Larven in erhöhtem Seewasser pCO2 (250 Pa, 2470 µatm) zu einer Erniedrigung des alkalischen (pH 9.5) Magen pH um bis zu 0.4 Einheiten. Ein solcher Einbruch des Magen pH könnte zu einer Einschränkung der larvalen Verdauungseffizienz führen und somit ebenfalls zu einer Verringerung der Energieaufnahme. Genetische Analysen unterstützen die beobachteten erhöhten metabolischen Raten durch erhöhte Transkription metabolischer Gene. Weiterhin deutet die Erhöhung der Na+/K+-ATPase-Transkriptkonzentration darauf hin, dass in Larven möglicherweise ein erhöhter Energiebedarf für Ionenregulation (z.B. für die Alkalinisierung des Magens) besteht. Andere wichtige Gene für Kalzifizierung und Ionenregulation waren jedoch nicht unterschiedlich exprimiert. Weiterhin war die Mortalitätsrate der Juvenilen, nachdem die Larven erhöhtem pCO2 ausgesetzt waren, extrem erhöht (5-fach geringeres Überleben). Man kann daher vermuten, dass durch den erhöhten Energiebedarf der Larven weniger Energie für das Überleben der Juvenilen nach der Metamorphose bereitgestellt werden konnte. In adulten Seeigeln (S. droebachiensis) konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Tiere nach 10 Tagen bei einem pCO2 von 145 Pa (1430 µatm) durch [HCO3-]e Akkumulation einen CO2 induzierten Abfall des pHe vollständig und langfristig (6 Wochen) kompensieren konnten. Dies kann möglicherweise als Anpassung der Tiere an ihr natürliches Habitat gewertet werden, das schon heute durch saisonale hyperkapnische Bedingungen (bis zu 243 Pa, 2400 µatm) geprägt ist. Bei einer Inkubation zwischen 300 und 400 Pa CO2 (2960 bis 3950 µatm) konnten die Tiere mit der gleichen [HCO3-]e von +2.5 mM jedoch nur eine partielle pHe Kompensation erzielen. Außerdem konnten ein Großteil der Tiere (71%) die partielle Kompensation nicht über sechs Wochen aufrechterhalten und zeigte nach dieser Inkubationszeit eine starke metabolische Azidose. Offensichtlich wurde mit diesen hohen pCO2 Werten das Anpassungspotential der erwachsenen Tiere überschritten. Zusammenfassend konnte die vorliegende Arbeit zeigen, dass den verringerten Wachstums- und Entwicklungsraten der Seeigel eine Umstrukturierung der Energiebilanzen zu Grunde liegt. Die beiden Seeigelarten S. droebachiensis und S. purpuratus weisen weiterhin eine gewisse Robustheit gegenüber moderaten Anstiegen in Seewasser pCO2 aufweisen (bis zu 150 Pa, 1480 µatm). Dennoch stellen anthropogene CO2-Emissionen insbesondere für den Übergang von einem Lebensstadium zum anderen und in Bezug auf lokal und saisonal extrem erhöhte pCO2-Bedingungen (>300 Pa, 2960 µatm) eine ernstzunehmende Bedrohung für die Seeigel dar.Increasing atmospheric pCO2 due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions are altering the carbonate chemistry of the oceans, inducing a drop in surface seawater pH (pHSW) and [CO32-] and an increase in seawater pCO2 and [HCO3-]. This phenomenon has been termed “ocean acidification” and has lately received considerable public and scientific attention. Atmospheric pCO2 of 1000 ppm and a concomitant decrease in surface ocean pH of 0.4 units can be expected by the year 2100-2300.The organisms examined in this study – echinoids – are keystone species in several ecosystems as well as economically important. Echinoids are characterized by a calcified skeleton in adult as well as larval stages. Calcifying invertebrates have been shown to be relatively vulnerable to CO2 induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. In most studies, echinoid adults and larvae responded with reduced growth and developmental rates to elevated seawater pCO2, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In order to fill some of the gaps in knowledge, the present work was aimed at characterizing pCO2 induced changes in acid-base regulatory capacity and energy budgets in two sea urchin species, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and S. purpuratus. Furthermore, this study investigated the adults’ physiological acclimation potential and studied ‘carry-over’ effects between different life cycle stages in response to environmental hypercapnia. Using feeding rates, aerobic metabolic rates and egestion/excretion rates measured in larval and adult sea urchins exposed to current (approx. 40 Pa, 390 µatm) and elevated pCO2 conditions (100 - 385 Pa, 990 - 3800 µatm), the present study demonstrated that the energy available for growth and development – so called ‘scope for growth (SfG)’ – was reduced in response to hypercapnic conditions and that SfG correlated with observed decreases in growth and development. In S. purpuratus larvae, the reduction in SfG was due to elevated energy demands for maintenance processes as indicated by highly increased metabolic rates which rose by up to 100%, while food ingestion was slightly but not significantly reduced. In adult S. droebachiensis, SfG was reduced due to a significant decrease in feeding rates and an increase in N excretion, while aerobic metabolic rates were not altered in response to elevated seawater pCO2. This drop in SfG significantly reduced gonad growth and fertilization success in sea urchins exposed to hypercapnic conditions for up to 4 months. In order to identify the processes that were supplied with increased energy in response to elevated pCO2, extracellular pH (pHe) was determined in larval and adult S. droebachiensis. Planktotrophic sea urchin larvae basically have two fluid compartments that could be impacted by changes in seawater carbonate chemistry: 1. the digestive system consisting of mouth, stomach and intestine and 2. the primary body cavity (PBC), filled with an extracellular matrix similar in structural appearance to the scyphozoan mesoglea, in which the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) construct the larval spicules. Acute and chronic declines in pHSW both led to linear decreases in PBC pHe indicating that PBC pHe is pH conform to the surrounding seawater and that no pHe compensation occurs in this cell free gelatinous space. Furthermore, environmental hypercapnia (250 Pa, 2470 µatm) led to a 0.4 units decrease in the highly alkaline stomach pH (pH 9.5) and may thus negatively impact energy acquisition by potentially reducing larval digestion potential. While several genes important for ion regulation and calcification were down regulated in S. purpuratus pluteus larvae, gene transcript abundance of several metabolic genes and Na+/K+-ATPase were increased in response to elevated pCO2 conditions. This is in line with the observed increased metabolic rates which may be due to increased energetic demands for ion regulation, particularly for additional alkalization of the stomach lumen. Furthermore, albeit larval survival was not impacted by larval exposure to elevated pCO2 (1175 µatm), a 5 times higher mortality of S. dreobachiensis juveniles after metamorphosis of exposed larvae indicated a clear bottleneck at the transition from the larva to the juvenile. Adult S. droebachiensis fully compensated hypercapnia induced acid-base disturbances by significantly accumulating [HCO3-]e after 10 days of exposure to 145 Pa CO2 (1430 µatm). Furthermore, they could sustain full pHe compensation and high [HCO3-]e for 45 days. Adult S. droebachiensis exposed to 123 Pa pCO2 for 16 month exhibited a fertility rate not different from control animals. Both experiments suggest that there is acclimation/adaptation potential in S. droebachiensis which is possibly due to its current distribution in a habitat with seasonal hypercapnic conditions. In contrast, sea urchins exposed to >284 Pa CO2 (2800 µatm) only partially compensated pHe changes with [HCO3-]e accumulation of maximal 2.5 mM above control values similar to the [HCO3-]e values of animals exposed to the intermediate pCO2. 71% of all animals could not sustain this compensation for 45 days exhibiting a strong metabolic acidosis. Possibly, pCO2 conditions above 280 Pa (2760 µatm) exceed the acclimation potential of S. droebachiensis. Accordingly, the present thesis demonstrated that environmental hypercapnia primarily impacts the energy balance and energy partitioning of different ontogenetic stages of Strongylocentrotid sea urchins leading to the observed reductions in growth and development. Shifts in energy partitioning likely disturb transitions between life cycle stages and may thus decrease recruitment success of sea urchins

Is 3-Tesla Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging superior to 64-slice contrast-enhanced CT for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma?

Objectives: To compare 64-slice contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) with 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using Gd-EOB-DTPA for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and evaluate the utility of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in this setting. Methods: 3-phase-liver-CT was performed in fifty patients (42 male, 8 female) with suspected or proven HCC. The patients were subjected to a 3-Tesla-MRI-examination with Gd-EOB-DTPA and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) at b-values of 0, 50 and 400 s/mm2. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)-value was determined for each lesion detected in DWI. The histopathological report after resection or biopsy of a lesion served as the gold standard, and a surrogate of follow-up or complementary imaging techniques in combination with clinical and paraclinical parameters was used in unresected lesions. Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were evaluated for each technique. Results: MRI detected slightly more lesions that were considered suspicious for HCC per patient compared to CT (2.7 versus 2.3, respectively). ADC-measurements in HCC showed notably heterogeneous values with a median of 1.2±0.5×10−3 mm2/s (range from 0.07±0.1 to 3.0±0.1×10−3 mm2/s). MRI showed similar diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and positive and negative predictive values compared to CT (AUC 0.837, sensitivity 92%, PPV 80% and NPV 90% for MRI vs. AUC 0.798, sensitivity 85%, PPV 79% and NPV 82% for CT; not significant). Specificity was 75% for both techniques. Conclusions: Our study did not show a statistically significant difference in detection in detection of HCC between MRI and CT. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI tended to detect more lesions per patient compared to contrast-enhanced CT; therefore, we would recommend this modality as the first-choice imaging method for the detection of HCC and therapeutic decisions. However, contrast-enhanced CT was not inferior in our study, so that it can be a useful image modality for follow-up examinations

Stable water isotopes and tritium tracers tell the same tale: no evidence for underestimation of catchment transit times inferred by stable isotopes in StorAge Selection (SAS)-function models

Stable isotopes (δ18O) and tritium (3H) are frequently used as tracers in environmental sciences to estimate age distributions of water. However, it has previously been argued that seasonally variable tracers, such as δ18O, generally and systematically fail to detect the tails of water age distributions and therefore substantially underestimate water ages as compared to radioactive tracers such as 3H. In this study for the Neckar River basin in central Europe and based on a &gt;20-year record of hydrological, δ18O and 3H data, we systematically scrutinized the above postulate together with the potential role of spatial aggregation effects in exacerbating the underestimation of water ages. This was done by comparing water age distributions inferred from δ18O and 3H with a total of 21 different model implementations, including time-invariant, lumped-parameter sine-wave (SW) and convolution integral (CO) models as well as StorAge Selection (SAS)-function models (P-SAS) and integrated hydrological models in combination with SAS functions (IM-SAS). We found that, indeed, water ages inferred from δ18O with commonly used SW and CO models are with mean transit times (MTTs) of ∼ 1–2 years substantially lower than those obtained from 3H with the same models, reaching MTTs of ∼10 years. In contrast, several implementations of P-SAS and IM-SAS models not only allowed simultaneous representations of storage variations and streamflow as well as δ18O and 3H stream signals, but water ages inferred from δ18O with these models were, with MTTs of ∼ 11–17 years, also much higher and similar to those inferred from 3H, which suggested MTTs of ∼ 11–13 years. Characterized by similar parameter posterior distributions, in particular for parameters that control water age, P-SAS and IM-SAS model implementations individually constrained with δ18O or 3H observations exhibited only limited differences in the magnitudes of water ages in different parts of the models and in the temporal variability of transit time distributions (TTDs) in response to changing wetness conditions. This suggests that both tracers lead to comparable descriptions of how water is routed through the system. These findings provide evidence that allowed us to reject the hypothesis that δ18O as a tracer generally and systematically “cannot see water older than about 4 years” and that it truncates the corresponding tails in water age distributions, leading to underestimations of water ages. Instead, our results provide evidence for a broad equivalence of δ18O and 3H as age tracers for systems characterized by MTTs of at least 15–20 years. The question to which degree aggregation of spatial heterogeneity can further adversely affect estimates of water ages remains unresolved as the lumped and distributed implementations of the IM-SAS model provided inconclusive results. Overall, this study demonstrates that previously reported underestimations of water ages are most likely not a result of the use of δ18O or other seasonally variable tracers per se. Rather, these underestimations can largely be attributed to choices of model approaches and complexity not considering transient hydrological conditions next to tracer aspects. Given the additional vulnerability of time-invariant, lumped SW and CO model approaches in combination with δ18O to substantially underestimate water ages due to spatial aggregation and potentially other still unknown effects, we therefore advocate avoiding the use of this model type in combination with seasonally variable tracers if possible and instead adopting SAS-based models or time-variant formulations of CO models.</p

Du bon usage de la randonnée

L’excursion en montagne gagne progressivement en légitimité en France dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Elle se structure sous le Second Empire autour d’une multitude d’associations (sociétés savantes, de loisirs et gymniques) qui en font un référent obligatoire. C’est notamment le cas en Alsace, territoire où « l’esprit d’association » est particulièrement développé. L’objet de cette contribution est de montrer que les regroupements locaux vont diversement appréhender l’activité pédestre, accentuant ses dimensions savantes, touristique ou roborative. En même temps, nous verrons qu’ils contribuent communément à échafauder un nouvel « habitus du randonneur urbain » local ; synthèse originale entre morale helvético-protestante, romantisme allemand et modèle touristique anglais d’un côté, nouveau « sentiment de soi » de l’autre. Ils jettent en cela les bases d’un vaste mouvement excursionniste préparant le succès, après la guerre franco-prussienne et l’annexion de l’Alsace au Reich wilhelminien, du Vogesenklub (Club Vosgien).Mountain excursions gradually gained legitimacy in France in the second half of the 19th century. They were structured under the Second Empire around a multitude of associations (learned societies, leisure societies and gymnastics clubs). This was particularly the case in Alsace, where the « spirit of association » is highly developed. The purpose of this contribution is to show how diverse local groups understand this pedestrian activity in a multitude of ways, accentuating its scholarly, touristic or hygienic dimensions. We will also see how these associations commonly contribute to the construction of a new « hiker’s urban habitus » ; an original synthesis between Helvetic and Protestant morality, German romanticism and English tourist models on the one hand, and a new « sense of self » on the other. These associations lay the foundations of a vast excursionist movement preparing for the success of the Vogesenklub (Club Vosgien) after the Franco-Prussian war and the annexation of Alsace to the Wilhelminian Reich.Wanderungen in den Bergen gewannen im Frankreich der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts zunehmend an Legitimität. Zur Zeit des Second Empire wurden sie von einer Vielzahl von Vereinigungen organisiert (Sportvereinen, Gelehrten- und Freizeitgesellschaften). Dies war insbesondere im Elsass der Fall, einer Region mit ausgeprägter “Vereinsmentalität”. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es zu zeigen, dass die verschiedenen Lokalgruppen den Wanderaktivitäten unterschiedliche Bedeutungen zumaßen: Betont wurden wahlweise die gelehrten, touristischen oder gesundheitlichen Aspekte des Wanderns. Zugleich zeigt sich, dass die verschiedenen Gruppen gemeinsam zur Schaffung eines neuen “Habitus des urbanen Wanderers” beitrugen. Dabei handelt es sich eine originelle Synthese aus der Moral des eidgenössischen Protestantismus, der deutschen Romantik und englischen Tourismuskonzepten auf der einen, einem neuen „Selbstgefühl“ auf der anderen Seite. So legten die Vereinigungen gemeinsam das Fundament für eine breite Wanderbewegung und bereiteten zugleich den Erfolg des “Vogesenklubs” vor, der nach dem Deutsch-Französischen Krieg und der Annexion des Elsass durch das Deutsche Kaiserreich entstehen sollte