7 research outputs found

    The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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    Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

    Death of the Self and Dying of the Other: A Narration of Two Secular / Religious Cultures (Inquiry in “Social Theory, Nahj-al-Belaghe and Masnavi-I Ma'navi”)

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    What does “death” mean? How death is even understood? How do we face with the death of the self and dying of the other in the moment of sealed and inevitable fate? These are existential questions which are as old as humanity life. In this sense and in other words, in order to have a meaningful life, we need a meaningful and of course right confrontation with death of the self and dying of the other. In this respect, this is culture that provides the epistemic and existential structures for developing a meaningful life in the world, so I, You and S/He will be able to face with such a social and cultural existential event. It is obvious that the power supply of this development is indeed the cultural narratives of death and dying, and science, religion and mysticism are their representatives. Science is the representative of the secular culture, and religion is the representative of the religious culture and mysticism is also the representative of the spiritual culture. Using specific questions, the article seeks to explore this narrative through three texts (scientific, religious, and literary one): A) What cultural signs and social works have been used in the secular text of social theory of death to describe “death of the self and dying of the other”?  B) What religious signs and the epistemic and existential works have been used in the religious text of Nahj al-Balagha to describe “death of the self and dying of the other”?  C) What epistemic signs and the conscience - existential works have been used in the literary text of Masnavi-I Ma'navi to describe “death of the self and dying of the other”

    Religious Politics and Popular Culture in Iran: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Development Plans (1988-2008)

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    In the contemporary cultural world, the linkage between two influential issues, i.e power and culture is manifested mostly in the forms of cultural politics as well as cultural policy. The functional aftermath of these is nothing but determining the bio-social meaning and everyday actions, cultural representation and legitimizing everyday culture and ultimately organizing thought and cultural acts. Here we are also witnessing the formation of another noticeable domain of cultural policies that are centered around religion. This means a religious cultural policy that has resulted in a social pattern consisting of religious culture, religious politics, religious culture policies and religious policies in culture. In this sense religious culture politics especially in more religious sensitive societies or the ones with religious- oriented regimes (such as contemporary Iran) deal with a discourse that could be called popular culture. In this regard there are some questions about religious policies for the Iranian popular culture that need to be elaborated. 1-      Which discourse policies are pivotal? 2-      Which discourse subjects are more referred to? 3-      What are the ultimate discourses for these subjects? The article has provided answers for these within particular theoretical frameworks such as religious politics of identity- cultural resistance and its appropriate method and critical discourse analysis

    Death and dying: narratives of social sciences and religious knowledge: (Social theory, Nahj-albalagheh, Masnavi Ma'navi

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    You can imagine what it means to die? How should we understand death? How we will face death and the decisive moment of dying? Though, these are existential questions as old as the history of life. To live significantly, we need a true encounter with our death and the others' dying. Culture is a kind of world life that makes such an encounter possible. This can be derived from narratives of science and religion concerning death and dying. To analyze the narratives of social science, the related literature of death and dying was investigated. Two important works in religious knowledge namely Nahj-albalagheh and Masnavi Ma'navi were studied to explore the narratives of religious knowledge. The results of these analyses were presented in three sections respectively. Complying with the requirements of such studies qualitative content analysis as the most appropriate methodology was used. To avoid from hypothesizing and theorizing–of course common in their suitable position- this study can be considered as phenomenological research

    The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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    Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% 47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% 32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% 27.9-42.8] and 33.3% 25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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