Transesterifikasi In situ Biji Kemiri (Aleurites Moluccana L) Menggunakan Metanol Daur Ulang dengan Bantuan Gelombang Ultrasonik

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of the use of recovered methanol for in situ transesterification reaction candlenut seed (Aleurites moluccana L) as a biodiesel bysonication. The influence of the ratio of recovered methanol to seed, catalyst concentration, reaction time and the temperature was investigated. Important properties of biodiesel such as density, viscosity and acid number were checked according to SNI 7182:2012 standards. The result showed that the maximum yield which has been obtained was 57,85% at recovered methanol to seed ratio 40:1, catalyst concentration 4%, reaction temperature 65 °C and reaction time 80 minutes. The test result of biodiesel properties showed that two parameters (density and viscosity) were conformed to SNI 7182:2012 standards, meanwhile acid value was higher than the maximum standards. In conclusion, the recovered methanol was feasible to produce biodiesel via in situ transesterification but the yield was lower if compared with the use of fresh methanol

Ektraksi getah jernang (Daemonorops draco) sistem basah dengan dua tahapan proses: perbedaan rendemen dan mutu [Extraction of dragon’s blood (Daemonorops draco) wet system by two-step process: effect of yield and quality]

Abstrak. Jernang (dragon’s blood) merupakan resin berwarna merah yang diekstrak dari buah rotan (Daemonorops draco). Resin ini merupakan salah satu produk hasil hutan non-kayu yang sudah digunakan secara terus menerus sebagai obat (antibakteri, antikanker, antiviral, antiinflamasi), pewarna, bahan kemenyan dan vernis. Secara tradisional, getah jernang diekstrak menggunakan teknik sederhana dengan menghentakkan buah rotan segar di dalam keranjang rotan sehingga resin yang menempel terlepas dan jatuh dari kulitnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh ekstrak buah rotan menggunakan dua tahapan proses (proses tahap pertama menggunakan buah rotan segar dan proses tahap kedua menggunakan limbah buah rotan dari proses tahap satu). Pada proses tahap pertama, penelitian dilakukan dengan cara buah jernang segar dikumpulkan, sortasi, ekstraksi, pemisahan, pengendapan, pengepresan, pengeringan dan pengujian mutu. Sedangkan pada proses tahap kedua, dilakukan dengan cara mengumpulkan ampas buah jernang (dari proses tahap I), pelumatan, penyaringan, pengendapan, pengepresan, pengeringan dan pengujian mutu. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan, untuk proses tahap pertama memperoleh rendemen resin 2,56% dengan kadar resin 60,86%, pengotor 12,56%, abu 5,44% dan berwarna merah gelap. Sementara, proses tahap kedua memperoleh rendemen resin sebesar 3,99% dengan kadar resin 30,73%, pengotor 49,2%, abu 7,32% dan berwarna merah terang. Dibandingkan dengan SNI 1671–2010, produk resin dari tahap pertama memenuhi mutu A dan mutu B untuk resin dari proses tahap kedua.Kata Kunci : jernang; resin; rotan; ekstraksi Abstract. Jernang (dragon’s blood) is a red resin extracted rattan fruit (Daemonorops draco). This resin is one of the non timber forest products that has been continously used as medicine (anti bacterial, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant), dyes, incenses materials and varnish. Traditionally,  a simple technique to extracted dragon’s blood resin by pounding fresh rattan fruits in a rattan basket so that the resin that adheres to the outer fruit skins become loose and fall from those skins. The aim of this study was to extract rattan fruit (daemonorops draco) using two-step process (first process by using fresh rattan fruits and second process by using rattan fruit waste from first process). The result of this research showed that the first step obtains 2,56 % dark red resin yield which contain 60,85% of resin, 12,56% of  impurities and ash 5,44 % of ash respectively. Meanwhile, the second step obtains yield of light resin 3,99% with resin content 30,73%, impurities 49,2% and ash 7,32%. According to SNI  1671-2010,  resin product from first and second step  process is A and B respectively.Keywords : dragon blood; resin; rattan; extractio

Glycerolysis for Lowering Free FattyAcid of Waste Cooking Oil

Glycerolysis can be a useful alternative for lowering free fatty acid content present in the sustainable feedstock of waste cooking oil. In the present work, the effect of reaction parameters such as molar ratio of oil to glycerol (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3), catalyst NaOH concentration (0.875, 1.3 and 1.75 %-w of oil) and mass ratio of oil to co-solvent hexane (2:1, 4:1, 8:1) have been investigated. The reaction parameters have a remarkable effect on the free fatty acid (in term of acid value) of waste cooking oil. The final acid value decreased with an increased in molar ratio of oil to glycerol from 1:1 to 1:2. A significant reduction in acid value was not observed with a further increase in molar ratio of oil to glycerol. It has been observed that the optimum catalyst concentration of 1.3% can be reduced acid value from 12.2 to 1 mg KOH/g oil in 20 min. The addition of hexane as co-solvent affected the reaction rate due to immiscibility of the oil and glycerol phases. However, a suitable amount of co-solvent must be added to achieve an optimum of acid value reduction

Effect of Drying and Hydrodistillation Time on the Amount of Ginger Essential Oil

The objective of this research is to study the effect of drying and hydrodistillation time on the amount of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) essential oil. For this purpose, a hydrodistillation laboratory-scale extraction unit was employed. The fresh ginger were dried by air drying for 1, 2 and 4 days at ambient temperature. In general, ginger oil obtained in the form of bright yellow liquid with a distinctive aroma of ginger. The experimental results showed that the yields of the ginger essential oils were affected by the drying time of raw material and hydrodistillation times. The obtained essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and 12 compounds were identified. The major compounds of ginger essential oil were 1,8-cineole, geranial, geraniol, camphene and neral

Glycerolysis for Lowering Free FattyAcid of Waste Cooking Oil

Glycerolysis can be a useful alternative for lowering free fatty acid content present in the sustainable feedstock of waste cooking oil. In the present work, the effect of reaction parameters such as molar ratio of oil to glycerol (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3), catalyst NaOH concentration (0.875, 1.3 and 1.75 %-w of oil) and mass ratio of oil to co-solvent hexane (2:1, 4:1, 8:1) have been investigated. The reaction parameters have a remarkable effect on the free fatty acid (in term of acid value) of waste cooking oil. The final acid value decreased with an increased in molar ratio of oil to glycerol from 1:1 to 1:2. A significant reduction in acid value was not observed with a further increase in molar ratio of oil to glycerol. It has been observed that the optimum catalyst concentration of 1.3% can be reduced acid value from 12.2 to 1 mg KOH/g oil in 20 min. The addition of hexane as co-solvent affected the reaction rate due to immiscibility of the oil and glycerol phases. However, a suitable amount of co-solvent must be added to achieve an optimum of acid value reduction

TRANSESTERIFIKASI IN SITU BIJI PANDAN LAUT (Pandanus tectorius ) MENJADI BIODIESEL MENGGUNAKAN GELOMBANG ULTRASONIK

Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign and efficient used for substitution fossil fuel. Screw pine seed (Pandanus tectorius) is one of promising material for biodiesel feedstock. The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the process production of biodiesel from screw pine seeds using ultrasound through in situ transesterification. The process was studied at reaction temperature sof 45, 55 and 65oC; reaction times of 60, 70, 80 and 90 minutes; methanol to seed ratiosof 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 and 30:1 (w/w); KOH catalyst concentrations of 3, 4, 5 and 6 (%-w of seed) for co-solvent (kloroform) to seed ratio of 1:1 (w/w). The experimental results showed that the maximum yield of biodiesel obtained was 86.38% at reaction temperature of 65°C, mass ratio of methanol to seed 25:1 (w/w), 5% of KOH as catalyst and 80 minutes of reaction time. Test results of physicochemical properties showed that viscosity, density and acid value conformed to the SNI 7182-2012 standard. Gas Chomatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis showed that biodiesel consisted of five fatty acid methyl esters of methyl octadec, methyl linoleate, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate and methyl oleate.Keywords: biodiesel, in situ transesterification, screw pine, ultrasoun

TRANSESTERIFIKASI IN SITU BIJI PANDAN LAUT (Pandanus tectorius ) MENJADI BIODIESEL MENGGUNAKAN GELOMBANG ULTRASONIK

Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign and efficient used for substitution fossil fuel. Screw pine seed (Pandanus tectorius) is one of promising material for biodiesel feedstock. The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the process production of biodiesel from screw pine seeds using ultrasound through in situ transesterification. The process was studied at reaction temperature sof 45, 55 and 65oC; reaction times of 60, 70, 80 and 90 minutes; methanol to seed ratiosof 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 and 30:1 (w/w); KOH catalyst concentrations of 3, 4, 5 and 6 (%-w of seed) for co-solvent (kloroform) to seed ratio of 1:1 (w/w). The experimental results showed that the maximum yield of biodiesel obtained was 86.38% at reaction temperature of 65°C, mass ratio of methanol to seed 25:1 (w/w), 5% of KOH as catalyst and 80 minutes of reaction time. Test results of physicochemical properties showed that viscosity, density and acid value conformed to the SNI 7182-2012 standard. Gas Chomatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis showed that biodiesel consisted of five fatty acid methyl esters of methyl octadec, methyl linoleate, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate and methyl oleate.Keywords: biodiesel, in situ transesterification, screw pine, ultrasoun