215 research outputs found
INDONESIAN DECENTRALIZATION: EVALUATION, RECENT MOVEMENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
A legal review dealing with the decentralization aspect in Indonesiia. Some evaluations are made to project the future prospects
LOCAL OWN REVENUE MOBILIZATION IN INDONESIA
Decentralization policy in Indonesia has given an increase of authority to localΒ government in managing their own local finance. One of the characteristics of theΒ decentralization policy is to increase local taxing power, with the objective to optimizeΒ local own revenue in supporting local spending. Given the current data observation, it isΒ obvious that many local governments do not have significant local own revenue to supportΒ their local spending. This paper-adopting tax elasticity method-attempts to evaluate theΒ present local own revenue optimization. Furthermore, by adopting a decomposition of taxΒ elasticity, this paper also attempts to elaborate factors affecting local own revenuecollection.The estimated local own revenue elasticity show that most taxes and user charges,Β which are the main sources of local own revenue, are considered not a buoyant tax. Moreanalysis using a decomposition of tax elasticity shows that tax to base elasticity is weak,Β suggesting that local governments need to improve discreationary tax changes at localΒ level, such as local base changes, collection changes, and enforcement changes. TheΒ analysis also shows that some local tax bases are not responsive to the economic growth,Β which leads to the recommendation to improve local business environment, such asΒ streamlining local regulations and reducing harmfull local taxes and user charges.Keywords: local finance, local government owned revenue, fiscal decentralization, local taxΒ elasticity, local tax base, nuisance local taxes, local economic growt
A MEMS-based solid propellant microthruster array for space and military applications
Since combustion is an easy way to achieve large quantities of energy from a small volume, we developed a MEMS based solid propellant microthruster array for small spacecraft and micro-air-vehicle applications. A thruster is composed of a fuel chamber layer, a top-side igniter with a micromachined nozzle in the same silicon layer. Layers are assembled by adhesive bonding to give final MEMS array. The thrust force is generated by the combustion of propellant stored in a few millimeter cube chamber. The micro-igniter is a polysilicon resistor deposited on a low stress SiO2/SiNx thin membrane to ensure a good heat transfer to the propellant and thus a low electric power consumption. A large range of thrust force is obtained simply by varying chamber and nozzle geometry parameters in one step of Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE). Experimental tests of ignition and combustion employing home made (DB+x% BP) propellant composed of a Double-Base and Black-Powder. A temperature of 250 therefore degrees C, enough to propellant initiation, is reached for 40 mW of electric power. A combustion rate of about 3.4 mm/s is measured for DB+20% BP propellant and thrust ranges between 0.1 and 3,5 mN are obtained for BP ratio between 10% and 30% using a microthruster of 100 mu m of throat wide
Evaluation of the physico-chemical and metallic pollution of groundwater around the Landfill and recovery Center of Oum Azza (Rabat Region - Morocco).
To reduce the impact of solid waste on the natural environment, in particular its effects on water resources, Morocco has made great efforts to manage them. Indeed, in the framework of the National program for household waste, about twenty controlled landfills or landfill and recovery center (CEV) have been built to mitigate the pollution and nuisance of existing wild dumps. However, these controlled landfills remain an alternative whose environmental impacts are difficult to control. Thus, the present work aims to evaluate possible impacts of the solid waste landfill and recovery center (CEV) of Oum Azza (Rabat, Morocco) on the quality of the surrounding groundwater. The hydro-chemical quality of these waters intended for the supply of the rural populations of this region was studied through the spatio-temporal monitoring of a certain number of physicochemical and metallic parameters. Thirty-six samples were collected, analyzed and evaluated from nine wells in the four seasons of 2015. The results of this study show that the groundwater of certain wells near the CEV d'Oum Azza are highly mineralized and contaminated. This diversified contamination is probably due to anthropogenic effects including organic, nitric and / or metallic
Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Gulma Eceng Gondok sebagai Pupuk Alternatif
Eceng Gondok sebagai masalah bagi jaringan drainase, di Kota Makassar, juga dirasakan oleh berbagai negara di dunia. Di Amerika tanaman eceng gondok dengan nama latin Eichornia crassipes, sejak 1960 oleh pemerintah telah berdiri Water Hyacinth Society yang merupakan asosiasi para ilmuwan, praktisi dan pengusaha untuk mengontrol atau menanggulangi masalah penyebaran eceng gondok. Asosiasi ini kemudian berganti nama menjadi Aquatic Plant management Society (APMS) yang meliputi pengkajian aspek-aspek biologis, ekologis dan pengontrolan pertumbuhan tumbuh-tumbuhan air pada umumnya dan tidak hanya terbatas pada eceng godok. Penelitian mengenai aspek-aspek ekologi eceng gondok di Indonesia sampai saat ini masih belum banyak dilakukan orang, padahal sebagai tanaman yang mengepung di permukaan air ini, memiliki nilai penting yang tinggi, terutama untuk pipik alternatif. Penyebarannya yang cukup luas, penyesuaiannya yang baik terhadap lingkungan, gangguan dan kerugian yang sangat berarti yang dapat ditimbulkannya, cara pengendaliannya yang sulit dan cara pemanfaatannya yang belum diketahui dengan baik sebenarnya merupakan alasan-alasan yang menarik untuk memanfaatkan tanaman ini secara menyeluruh. Salah satunya dengan melatih masyarakat, menjadikannya sebagai pupuk alternatif
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of seeds oils and fruit juice of Opuntia Ficus Indica and Opuntia Dillenii from Morocco
peer reviewedThis study provides basic information on the mineral composition of the seeds and antioxidant activity in seeds oils and fruit juices of cactus belonging to two species Opuntia ficus indica and Opuntia dillenii, from Morocco (Oujda), in order to evaluate the nutritional value of the Opuntia extracts. Minerals determined from dry seeds of Opuntia ficus indica and Opuntia dillenii were: calcium 480.93 and 408.28; phosphorus 1417.59 and 970.15; potassium 304.51 and 201.96; magnesium: 316.59 and 240.30; sodium: 48.33 and 18.18; zinc: 70.77 and 78.26 mg/100g respectively. The main fatty acids of Opuntia ficus indica and Opuntia dillenii seed oil were
respectively: linoleic acid: 58.79 and 79.83%, Palmitic acid: 11.18 and 13.52%. The antioxidant activity of Opuntia ficus indica and Opuntia dillenii seed oils and fruit juices were assessed by means of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay and ascorbic acid test. The results showed that the antioxidant activities of Opuntia ficus indica and Opuntia dillenii seed oil (IC50 = 19.79 Β± 0.023 and 27.21 Β± 0.075 ΞΌL/mL) are higher than that of the reference ascorbic acid (IC50 = 16.56 Β± 0.019 ΞΌg/mL). However, the Opuntia dillenii
juice presents antioxidant activity more important than this of Opuntia seed oil and ascorbic acid. It possessed strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 8.18 ΞΌL/mL). The antioxidant activity of the seed oil and juice were also found to be concentration-dependent
Flexural Fatigue Behavior of Cross-Ply Laminates: An Experimental Approach
Within an experimental approach we describe
the mechanical behavior of different resin-epoxy
laminates reinforced with cross-ply Kevlar
and glass fibers under the conditions of static
and cyclic three-point bending. In static tests,
we consider the effect of stacking sequence, the
thickness of 90Β°-oriented layers, reinforcement
type on the mechanical behavior of laminates
under loading and on realization of various damage
modes leading to rupture. Cyclic loading
studies have been performed in two steps. In
the first stage, we inquire into the dependence
of the behavior and durability of four glass fiber-
reinforced laminate-types on the stacking
sequence; the second stage is devoted to studying
the dependence of cyclic strength and fatigue
behavior of laminates on the
reinforcement type. Fatigue tests are carried out
in load-control regime for glass and hybrid
(Kevlar + glass) fiber laminates. Fatigue curves
are constructed in coordinates βstress - number
of cycles until fractureβ from the criteria corresponding
to a drop in stiffness by 5 and 10%.
Analysis of the results obtained permits evaluation
of the effect of the stacking sequence and
the reinforcement type on the behavior of
cross-ply laminates in cyclic loading. The presence
of Kevlar fibers accounts for nonlinear behavior
of laminates in static tests and for low
cyclic strength in fatigue tests under three-point
bending.Π ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ²
Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ΅Π²Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ±Π°. ΠΡΠΈ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅Π² ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½,
ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅Π², ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠΌ 90Β° ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ². ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅Π² ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ², Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ - Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ², Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ (ΠΊΠ΅Π²Π»Π°Ρ+ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎ). ΠΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²
ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ - ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° 5 ΠΈ 10%. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅Π² ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ΅Π²Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π² Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ
ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ±Π°.Π£ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
Π»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π· Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ΅Π²Π»Π°ΡΠΎ-
Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ-
ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π³ΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½, ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΄ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ 90Β° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²
Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π°ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ Π»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ,
Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π·
Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ
Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ². ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ² Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ², Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡ - Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π°ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π°
ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ
Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΌ βΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ (ΠΊΠ΅Π²Π»Π°Ρ + ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎ) Π»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ². ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ² Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΆΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° 5 Ρ 10% Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ -
ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ· ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ
Π°ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ
Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ΅Π²Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Ρ Π»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
Π·Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π·ΡΡΡ ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΠ½Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ
Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π³ΠΈΠ½Ρ
Experimental analysis of behavior and damage of sandwich composite materials in three-point bending. Part 1. Static tests and stiffness degradation at failure studies
The analysis of stiffness and the identification
of rupture mechanisms during and after static
tests of sandwich panels and their components
have been investigated. The sandwich panels,
having cross-ply laminates skins made of glass
fibre and epoxy resin were manufactured by
vacuum moulding and subjected to three-point
bending tests. Two PVC cores of similar type
but with differing densities were investigated.
The effect of core density and its thickness on
the behavior and the damage was highlighted.
In terms of stiffness and load at failure, the
sandwich structure has better mechanical
characteristics compared to its components.ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½Ρ ΠΆΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΈ
ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π°Π³Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Ρ ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ². ΠΠ°Π³Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ
ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Ρ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π° ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΄Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π³ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Π· ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ-
Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. Π ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ,
ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ ΡΠ· Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·
Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ.ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π° ΠΈ
ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ
ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
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