236 research outputs found

    Γ‰tude de l'adsorption de l'atrazine sur le charbon actif en poudre en prΓ©sence de tensioactifs

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    Les tensioactifs, adjuvants participant à la formulation des pesticides peuvent se trouver en compétition avec ces derniers lors de l'adsorption sur charbon actif en poudre (CAP) utilisé au cours du traitement de potabilisation des eaux. L'adsorption de l'atrazine, qui reste l'un des produits phytosanitaires le plus souvent détecté dans les eaux de surface malgré les réglementations sur son utilisation, a été étudiée en présence de trois tensioactifs afin de déterminer l'influence de ces derniers; il a été choisi un tensioactif anionique (DSS), cationique (BHTA), et un non ionique (DE6). Les résultats ont montré que quelle que soit la nature du tensioactif, celui-ci diminue toujours l'adsorption de l'atrazine pour des pH variant de 3,5 à 10 ce qui a pour conséquence une diminution à la fois de la constante de vitesse (Adams et Bohart) et de la capacité d'adsorption (Langmuir). L'étude de l'influence de l'ordre d'introduction des différents éléments participant à l'adsorption (CAP, atrazine, tensioactif) a montré que la fixation préalable de DSS anionique, favorisée en milieu acide, inhibe davantage l'élimination de l'atrazine. L'application des modèles d'adsorption compétitive et non compétitive de Langmuir n'a pas permis de définir avec certitude la nature des interactions entre l'herbicide et les différents tensioactifs.Atrazine, in spite of the restrictions concerning its use, remains one of the most prevalent pesticides in natural surface waters. If a sudden pollution incident occurs, powdered activated carbon (PAC) is used during the flocculation step of water treatment; under such circumstances, atrazine might be in adsorption competition with surfactants included in commercial formulations. The aim of this study was thus to determine the influence of three surfactants [anionic (sodium dodecylsulphate, SDS), cationic (hexadecyl-trimethylammonium bromide, HTAB) and nonionic (2-dodecyloxy-pentaethanoxy)-ethanol, DE6)] on atrazine adsorption onto PAC. At pH 5.5, adsorption onto PAC of atrazine alone was estimated to be 230 mg. g-¹; it was inhibited whatever the nature of the surfactant (cationic anionic or nonionic: figs. 2, 3 and 4). The adsorption capacities (Langmuir) and the kinetic constants (Adams & Bohart) decreased in the presence of the surfactants (table 4) and this diminution was most important for HTAB (fig. 5), perhaps the consequence of a steric effect.The adsorption onto PAC of the molecular form of atrazine (pK=1.68) was not affected by the pH variations. However, when the pH was increased (3.5 to 10) in the presence of SDS, adsorption onto PAC of the anionic surfactant decreased and atrazine adsorption increased (fig. 9). In contrast, for the same experimental conditions but with the cationic surfactant HTAB, adsorption of the surfactant increased over the pH range 3.5 to 10 and the relative adsorption of atrazine diminished (fig. 9). The nonionic surfactant DE6 had no influence.A study of the introduction order of the different components (atrazine, SDS surfactant and PAC) showed the same final equilibrium distribution of atrazine was obtained (fig. 10), regardless of the order of introduction. A similar result was obtained for the adsorption of SDS (fig. 11).For all these cases, the Langmuir equation yielded the adsorption capacity for atrazine and the equilibrium constant. However, competitive and noncompetitive adsorption models (table 1) were unsuccessful in predicting the nature of the interactions between atrazine and the surfactants (table 5)

    Influence du dodΓ©cylsulfate de sodium sur l'adsorption des acides humiques sur charbon actif en poudre

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    L'objectif de ce travail est d'Γ©tudier l'influence d'un tensioactif anionique, le dodΓ©cylsulfate de sodium (DSS) sur l'adsorption d'acides humiques (AH), sur le charbon actif en poudre (CAP).L'adsorption sur CAP, en fonction du temps, des AH seuls, puis du DSS seul, a Γ©tΓ© effectuΓ©e en rΓ©acteur discontinu, Γ  diffΓ©rents pH (7,0 et 10,5). Les mΓͺmes expΓ©riences ont Γ©tΓ© rΓ©alisΓ©es avec le mΓ©lange des deux composΓ©s et l'on a pu constater une inhibition rΓ©ciproque de leur adsorption, moins importante Γ  pH basique (10,5).L'influence de l'ordre d'introduction des coadsorbats, sur l'adsorption de chacun d'eux, a permis de montrer que l'inhibition de l'adsorption des AH sur CAP par le DSS est encore plus importante lorsque les AH sont ajoutΓ©s sur une suspension DSS-CAP dΓ©jΓ  en Γ©quilibre. Aucune dΓ©sorption du DSS n'a pu Γͺtre mise en Γ©vidence aprΓ¨s 24 heures. Ces rΓ©sultats pourraient permettre de conclure Γ  une adsorption « compΓ©titiveΒ Β» des AH et du DSS sur les mΓͺmes sites superficiels du charbon actif.Ce travail permet de prΓ©ciser les phΓ©nomΓ¨nes d'adsorption pouvant intervenir entre divers micropolluants susceptibles de s'adsorber simultanΓ©ment soit sur des sΓ©diments naturels, soit sur charbon actif lors du traitement des eaux naturelles.The removal of humic acids (HA) from natural waters is a very old yet modern problemΒ : humic substances are at the origin of the coloration of water but also, they give off nocive trihalomethanes during chlorination.Humic acids are also known to be a metal micropollutant vector and their behavior is not well defined when there is coadsorption.The purpose of this work was to study the effect of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), on the adsorption on powdered activated carbon (PAC) of humic substances from a commercial source, as a function of the pH (7.0 or 10.5), as well as the effect of the order of introduction of the coadsorbate.Results (fig. 1 to 3 and fig. 6) showed an inhibition of the adsorption for both HA and SDS in the presence of the coadsorbate. The inhibition was more significant for a pH = 7.0.Results of the influence of the order of introduction of the coadsorbate on the adsorption (fig. 4 and 5) showed a more significant inhibition of HA adsorption when HA were introduced into the equilibrium suspension SDS-PAC (the contact lime was 24 hours).Table 1 gives parameter values of the Langmuir equation for the adsorption on PAC of HA atone or with SDS.All these results suggest that a competition on the same sites occurs during the adsorption on PAC of HA and SDS

    A MEMS-based solid propellant microthruster array for space and military applications

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    Since combustion is an easy way to achieve large quantities of energy from a small volume, we developed a MEMS based solid propellant microthruster array for small spacecraft and micro-air-vehicle applications. A thruster is composed of a fuel chamber layer, a top-side igniter with a micromachined nozzle in the same silicon layer. Layers are assembled by adhesive bonding to give final MEMS array. The thrust force is generated by the combustion of propellant stored in a few millimeter cube chamber. The micro-igniter is a polysilicon resistor deposited on a low stress SiO2/SiNx thin membrane to ensure a good heat transfer to the propellant and thus a low electric power consumption. A large range of thrust force is obtained simply by varying chamber and nozzle geometry parameters in one step of Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE). Experimental tests of ignition and combustion employing home made (DB+x% BP) propellant composed of a Double-Base and Black-Powder. A temperature of 250 therefore degrees C, enough to propellant initiation, is reached for 40 mW of electric power. A combustion rate of about 3.4 mm/s is measured for DB+20% BP propellant and thrust ranges between 0.1 and 3,5 mN are obtained for BP ratio between 10% and 30% using a microthruster of 100 mu m of throat wide

    Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Gulma Eceng Gondok sebagai Pupuk Alternatif

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    Eceng Gondok sebagai masalah bagi jaringan drainase, di Kota Makassar, juga dirasakan oleh berbagai negara di dunia. Di Amerika tanaman eceng gondok dengan nama latin Eichornia crassipes, sejak 1960 oleh pemerintah telah berdiri Water Hyacinth Society yang merupakan asosiasi para ilmuwan, praktisi dan pengusaha untuk mengontrol atau menanggulangi masalah penyebaran eceng gondok. Asosiasi ini kemudian berganti nama menjadi Aquatic Plant management Society (APMS) yang meliputi pengkajian aspek-aspek biologis, ekologis dan pengontrolan pertumbuhan tumbuh-tumbuhan air pada umumnya dan tidak hanya terbatas pada eceng godok. Penelitian mengenai aspek-aspek ekologi eceng gondok di Indonesia sampai saat ini masih belum banyak dilakukan orang, padahal sebagai tanaman yang mengepung di permukaan air ini, memiliki nilai penting yang tinggi, terutama untuk pipik alternatif. Penyebarannya yang cukup luas, penyesuaiannya yang baik terhadap lingkungan, gangguan dan kerugian yang sangat berarti yang dapat ditimbulkannya, cara pengendaliannya yang sulit dan cara pemanfaatannya yang belum diketahui dengan baik sebenarnya merupakan alasan-alasan yang menarik untuk memanfaatkan tanaman ini secara menyeluruh. Salah satunya dengan melatih masyarakat, menjadikannya sebagai pupuk alternatif

    Evaluasi Kesesuaian Lahan Pertanaman Karet di Afdeling III PTPN VII (Persero) Unit USAha Kedaton

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    Karet adalah salah satu komoditas perkebunan unggulan Provinsi Lampung yang tersebar hampir diseluruh Kabupten di Provinsi Lampung. Tahun 2010 pertanaman karet di Provinsi Lampung seluas 119.83 ha dengan total produksi 72.240 ton. Untuk mencapai produksi yang maksimal, maka suatu jenis tanaman harus ditanam pada tempat yang sesuai dengan persyaratan tumbuhnya. Dengan evaluasi kesesuaian lahan dapat diketahui kesesuaian suatu wilayah untuk tanaman karet serta kelayakan secara ekonomi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan penilaian kesesuaian lahan kualitatif berdasarkan kriteria Djaenuddin dkk 2000 dan evaluasi kuantitatif adalah analisis finansial dengan menghitung NPV, Net B/C, IRR, dan BEP. Penelitian dilakukan pada lahan pertanaman karet di Field 2005 E PTPN VII (Persero) Unit Usaha Kedaton Way Galih Lampung Selatan pada bulan Agustus 2012. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan metode survey dengan pendekatan evaluasi lahan secara paralel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lahan pertanaman karet di Field 2005 E PTPN VII Unit Usaha Kedaton Way Galih berdasarkan potensi fisik lingkungan termasuk ke dalam kelas kesesuaian lahan cukup sesuai dengan faktor pembatas ketersediaan air dan retensi hara (S2wanr) dan secara finansial layak untuk dilanjutkan dengan nilai NPV = Rp 132.281.885 ha-1, Net B/C = 2,3, IRR = 24,30% thn-1 , dan BEP = 14 tahun 7 bulan 12 hari

    Quantum Coherence Oscillations in Antiferromagnetic Chains

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    Macroscopic quantum coherence oscillations in mesoscopic antiferromagnets may appear when the anisotropy potential creates a barrier between the antiferromagnetic states with opposite orientations of the Neel vector. This phenomenon is studied for the physical situation of the nuclear spin system of eight Xe atoms arranged on a magnetic surface along a chain. The oscillation period is calculated as a function of the chain constant. The environmental decoherence effects at finite temperature are accounted assuming a dipole coupling between the spin chain and the fluctuating magnetic field of the surface. The numerical calculations indicate that the oscillations are damped by a rate ∼(Nβˆ’1)/Ο„\sim (N-1)/ \tau, where NN is the number of spins and Ο„\tau is the relaxation time of a single spin.Comment: 10 pages, Latex, two postscript figures; submitted to Phys. Rev.

    Experimental analysis of behavior and damage of sandwich composite materials in three-point bending. Part 1. Static tests and stiffness degradation at failure studies

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    The analysis of stiffness and the identification of rupture mechanisms during and after static tests of sandwich panels and their components have been investigated. The sandwich panels, having cross-ply laminates skins made of glass fibre and epoxy resin were manufactured by vacuum moulding and subjected to three-point bending tests. Two PVC cores of similar type but with differing densities were investigated. The effect of core density and its thickness on the behavior and the damage was highlighted. In terms of stiffness and load at failure, the sandwich structure has better mechanical characteristics compared to its components.Π•ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ дослідТСно Π·ΠΌΡ–Π½Ρƒ Торсткості Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»Ρ–Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½Ρ–Π·ΠΌΠΈ руйнування ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ статичних випробуваннях Π±Π°Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡˆΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΈΡ… пластин Ρ– Ρ—Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ–Π². Π‘Π°Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡˆΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ– ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ– пластини Π· пСрСхрСсними ΡˆΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Ρ– скловолокна Ρ‚Π° Споксидної смоли, Ρ‰ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ– ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΊΡƒΡƒΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡ— Π²Ρ–Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΡ–Π΄Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡŽ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π³ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ДослідТували Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π°Ρ€Ρ–Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ пластин Π· ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–- вінілопласта Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΎΡ— Ρ‰Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ–. Розглянуто Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Ρ‰Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ– Ρ– Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Ρ–ΡˆΠ½ΡŒΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡˆΠ°Ρ€Ρƒ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ–Π½ΠΊΡƒ Ρ‚Π° пошкодТСння ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π°. Показано, Ρ‰ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ Ρ–Π· Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ— Ρ‰Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ– ΠΌΠ°Ρ” Π±Ρ–Π»ΡŒΡˆ високі характСристики статичної міцності Ρ– стійкості порівняно Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ–Π· Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡˆΠΎΡ— Ρ‰Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ–.Π­ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ исслСдовано ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ТСсткости ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ‹ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ статичСских испытаниях многослойных ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… пластин ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². ΠœΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ пластины с пСрСкрСстными слоями ΠΈΠ· стСкловолокна ΠΈ эпоксидной смолы, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΊΡƒΡƒΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅Ρ€Π³Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΌ. ИсслСдовали Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Π° пластин с ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ наполнитСлями ΠΈΠ· пСновинилопласта Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ плотности. РассмотрСно влияниС плотности ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ слоя наполнитСля Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π°. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ с Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ большСй плотности ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ высокими характСристиками статичСской прочности ΠΈ устойчивости ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ с ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ мСньшСй плотности

    Experimental Analysis of Behavior and Damage of Sandwich Composite Materials in Three-Point Bending. Part 2. Fatigue Test Results and Damage Mechanisms

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    Π’Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ исслСдования измСнСния ТСсткости ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² поврСТ­дСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ усталостных испытаниях многослойных ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΈΡ… пластин с Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ· пСновинилопласта. ΠœΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΈΜ†Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ пластины с пСрСкрСстными слоями ΠΈΠ· стСкло­ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π° ΠΈ эпоксидной смолы, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΊΡƒΡƒΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΈΜ† ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅Ρ€Π³Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΒ­ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΌ. ИсслСдовали Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Π° пластин с ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ напол­нитСлями ΠΈΠ· пСновинилопласта Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΈΜ† плотности. РассмотрСно влияниС плотности ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ слоя наполнитСля Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π°. Π‘ исполь­зованиСм Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ…Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΈΜ† ΠΈ критСрия цикличСской долговСчности построСны ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ усталости ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ ΠΈΡ… ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΈΜ† Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· с ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ SD 2 с Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠ΅ΠΈΜ† плотности ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ высокими характСристиками статичСской прочности ΠΈ устойчивости, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ усталостной проч­ности ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ с ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ SD 1 с Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅ΠΈΜ† плотности.ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ– дослідТСння Π·ΠΌΡ–Π½ΠΈ Торсткості Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½Ρ–Π·ΠΌΡ–Π² пошкодТСння ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ випробуваннях Π½Π° Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π±Π°Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡˆΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΈΡ… пластин Ρ–Π· Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Ρ–Π· піновінілопласта. Π‘Π°Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡˆΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ– ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ– пластини Π· пСрСхрСсними ΡˆΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Ρ– скловолокна Ρ‚Π° Споксидної смоли, Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ– ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΊΡƒΡƒΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Ρ–Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²Ρƒ, ΠΏΡ–Π΄Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡŽ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π³ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ДослідТували Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π°Ρ€Ρ–Π°Π½Ρ‚Π° пластин Π· ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π· піновінілопласта Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΎΡ— Ρ‰Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ–. Розглянуто Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Ρ‰Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ– Ρ– Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Ρ–ΡˆΠ½ΡŒΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡˆΠ°Ρ€Ρƒ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ–Π½ΠΊΡƒ Ρ‚Π° пошкодТСння ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π°. Π†Π· використанням Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ… Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ–ΡŽ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΡ— довговічності ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ– втомлСності Ρ– ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ—Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ–Π²Π½ΡΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»Ρ–Π· Ρ–Π· Π²Ρ–Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π»Ρ–Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. Показано, Ρ‰ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ SD 2 Π· Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ— Ρ‰Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ– ΠΌΠ°Ρ” Π±Ρ–Π»ΡŒΡˆ високі характСристики статичної міцності Ρ– стійкості Ρ‚Π° ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡ— міцності порівняно Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ SD 1 Ρ–Π· Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡˆΠΎΡ— Ρ‰Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ–.The analysis o f stiffness degradation and the identification o f damage mechanisms during and after fatigue tests of sandwich panels with PVC foam cores have been performed. The sandwich panels with cross-ply laminates skins made of glass fiber and epoxy resin were manufactured by vacuum moulding and subjected to three-point bending tests. Two PVC cores of similar type but with differing densities were investigated. The effect o f core density and thickness on the damage behavior was highlighted. Using the cyclic life criterion, fatigue curves were plotted according to two models and compared with those o f the literature. It has been demonstrated that the sandwich SD 2, with the higher core density, withstands a higher load and possesses greater rigidity in static tests, combined with an enhanced fatigue resistance when compared to sandwich SD 1 which has a lower core density

    Experimental Analysis of Behavior and Damage of Sandwich Composite Materials in Three-Point Bending. Part 2. Fatigue Test Results and Damage Mechanisms

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    Π’Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ исслСдования измСнСния ТСсткости ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² поврСТ­дСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ усталостных испытаниях многослойных ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΈΡ… пластин с Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ· пСновинилопласта. ΠœΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΈΜ†Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ пластины с пСрСкрСстными слоями ΠΈΠ· стСкло­ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π° ΠΈ эпоксидной смолы, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΊΡƒΡƒΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΈΜ† ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅Ρ€Π³Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΒ­ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΌ. ИсслСдовали Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Π° пластин с ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ напол­нитСлями ΠΈΠ· пСновинилопласта Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΈΜ† плотности. РассмотрСно влияниС плотности ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ слоя наполнитСля Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π°. Π‘ исполь­зованиСм Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ…Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΈΜ† ΠΈ критСрия цикличСской долговСчности построСны ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ усталости ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ ΠΈΡ… ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΈΜ† Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· с ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ SD 2 с Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠ΅ΠΈΜ† плотности ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ высокими характСристиками статичСской прочности ΠΈ устойчивости, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ усталостной проч­ности ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ с ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ SD 1 с Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅ΠΈΜ† плотности.ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ– дослідТСння Π·ΠΌΡ–Π½ΠΈ Торсткості Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½Ρ–Π·ΠΌΡ–Π² пошкодТСння ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ випробуваннях Π½Π° Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π±Π°Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡˆΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΈΡ… пластин Ρ–Π· Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Ρ–Π· піновінілопласта. Π‘Π°Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡˆΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ– ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ– пластини Π· пСрСхрСсними ΡˆΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Ρ– скловолокна Ρ‚Π° Споксидної смоли, Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ– ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΊΡƒΡƒΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Ρ–Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²Ρƒ, ΠΏΡ–Π΄Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡŽ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π³ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ДослідТували Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π°Ρ€Ρ–Π°Π½Ρ‚Π° пластин Π· ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π· піновінілопласта Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΎΡ— Ρ‰Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ–. Розглянуто Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Ρ‰Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ– Ρ– Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Ρ–ΡˆΠ½ΡŒΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡˆΠ°Ρ€Ρƒ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ–Π½ΠΊΡƒ Ρ‚Π° пошкодТСння ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π°. Π†Π· використанням Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ… Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ–ΡŽ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΡ— довговічності ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ– втомлСності Ρ– ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ—Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ–Π²Π½ΡΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»Ρ–Π· Ρ–Π· Π²Ρ–Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π»Ρ–Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. Показано, Ρ‰ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ SD 2 Π· Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ— Ρ‰Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ– ΠΌΠ°Ρ” Π±Ρ–Π»ΡŒΡˆ високі характСристики статичної міцності Ρ– стійкості Ρ‚Π° ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡ— міцності порівняно Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ SD 1 Ρ–Π· Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡˆΠΎΡ— Ρ‰Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ–.The analysis o f stiffness degradation and the identification o f damage mechanisms during and after fatigue tests of sandwich panels with PVC foam cores have been performed. The sandwich panels with cross-ply laminates skins made of glass fiber and epoxy resin were manufactured by vacuum moulding and subjected to three-point bending tests. Two PVC cores of similar type but with differing densities were investigated. The effect o f core density and thickness on the damage behavior was highlighted. Using the cyclic life criterion, fatigue curves were plotted according to two models and compared with those o f the literature. It has been demonstrated that the sandwich SD 2, with the higher core density, withstands a higher load and possesses greater rigidity in static tests, combined with an enhanced fatigue resistance when compared to sandwich SD 1 which has a lower core density
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