L’action publique et la résilience des microfinances islamiques face à la crise sanitaire de covid-19 au Mali : cas de la caisse d’intermédiation et de développement (CID)

The coronavirus crisis that societies are experiencing is different from past crises. Faced with these repeated crises, resilience appears to be one of the principles of public action to resolve this problem. The objective of this paper is to analyze the measures taken by public actors and actors of microfinance institutions in general, and Islamic microfinances in particular, in order to face the health crisis of COVID-19. Methodologically, we have adopted a qualitative and inductive case study approach. Data collection was based primarily on semi-structured interviews with CID leaders, as well as an in-depth desk study of secondary data. The Results obtained from the data content analysis reveal the resilience of microfinance institutions in general, and of the intermediation and development fund (CID) in particular, in the face of the COVID-19 crisis. And this, thanks to the measures taken by the public authorities of Mali, the technical and financial partners, and the actors of the CID. JEL Classification : F65, L38, G30, M10 Paper type : Empirical researchLa crise du coronavirus que vivent les sociétés est différente des crises passées. Face à ces crises à répétition, la résilience apparait comme un des principes des actions publiques pour résoudre ce problème.  Ce papier a pour objectif d’analyser les dispositions prises par les acteurs publics et les acteurs des institutions de microfinance en général, et les microfinances islamiques en particulier, afin de faire face à la crise sanitaire de COVID-19. Sur le plan méthodologique, nous avons adopté une approche de l’étude de cas qualitative et inductive. Le recueil des données s’est basé essentiellement sur des entretiens semi-directifs auprès des dirigeants de la CID, ainsi qu’une étude documentaire approfondie des données secondaires. Les Résultats obtenus à l’issue de l’analyse de contenu des données révèlent la résilience des institutions de microfinance en général, et de la caisse d’intermédiation et de développement (CID) en particulier, face à la crise de COVID-19. Et cela, grâce aux dispositions prises par les pouvoirs publics du Mali, les partenaires techniques et financiers, et les acteurs de la CID. Classification JEL : F65, L38, G3, M10 Type de l’article : Recherche appliquée &nbsp

Le budget-programme : qu’en est-il au mali ? « Cas des départements ministériels »

  Janvier 2018, le Mali a basculé son mode de gestion en budget programme à travers la loi n°2013-028 du 11 juillet 2013, modifiée, portant lois de finances. L’objectif de cet article est de faire l’état des lieux de la mise en œuvre du budget programme au Mali. Sur le plan méthodologique, nous avons adopté une approche de l’étude de cas qualitative et inductive. Notre échantillon se compose de cinq (05) départements ministériels maliens. La méthode d’analyse par questionnement analytique a été utilisée pour réaliser l’analyse des données. Les résultats montrent la non effectivité du système complet de budget programme au Mali. Toutefois, nous constatons des avancées notoires dans la mise en œuvre de la réforme budgétaire en mode programme

Leishmaniases in West Africa: Past and Current

Leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in West Africa. Sporadic and anecdotal cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been reported in the past. Recent data showed the changing of epidemiology of leishmaniases in West Africa, with the occurrence of outbreak of CL due to Leishmania major in urban and rural areas. CL is transmitted by Phlebotomus duboscqi. The role of Sergentomyia (Spelaeomyia) darlingi as vector in rural areas has been evoked but not confirmed. Cases of VL due to Leishmania spp. have been described in West Africa; however, parasites species were not identified and dogs were suspected to be the reservoir. No humans’ case of symptomatic VL due to L. infantum has been described in West Africa. Recent data in rural areas of Senegal confirmed dog as reservoir of L. infantum. In the same study in Senegal, Sergentomyia sandflies were found infected with L. infantum, indicating a possible role in leishmaniasis transmission. Coinfection leishmaniases-HIV is reported but rare. In this chapter, we included most recent publications and propose an updated landscape of CL and VL epidemiology in West Africa

Valid Consent for Genomic Epidemiology in Developing Countries

Drawing on experience gained from ongoing research in Mali, this paper describes practical ethical challenges relating to the achievement of valid consent in genomic epidemiology

Use of a pLDH-based dipstick in the diagnostic and therapeutic follow-up of malaria patients in Mali

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Malaria is a major public health problem in Mali and diagnosis is typically based on microscopy. Microscopy requires a well trained technician, a reliable power source, a functioning microscope and adequate supplies. The scarcity of resources of community health centres (CHC) does not allow for such a significant investment in only one aspect of malaria control. In this context, Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) may improve case management particularly in remote areas.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This multicentre study included 725 patients simultaneously screened with OptiMal-IT test and thick smears for malaria parasite detection. While evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of choroquine in 2 study sites, we compared the diagnostic values of thick smear microscopy to OptiMal-IT test applying the WHO 14 days follow-up scheme using samples collected from 344 patients.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The sensitivity and the specificity of OptiMal-IT compared to thick smear was 97.2% and 95.4%, whereas the positive and negative predictive values were 96.7 and 96.1%, respectively. The percent agreement between the two diagnostic tests was 0.93. The two tests were comparable in detecting malaria at day 0, day 3 and day 14. The only difference was observed at day 7 due to high gametocytemia. Subjectively, health care providers found OptiMal-IT easier to use and store under field conditions.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>OptiMal-IT test revealed similar results when compared to microscopy which is considered the gold standard for malaria diagnostics. The test was found to have a short processing time and was easier to use. These advantages may improve malaria case management by providing a diagnostic and drug efficacy follow-up tool to peripheral health centres with limited resources.</p

Acceptability and efficacy of intra-rectal quinine alkaloids as a pre-transfer treatment of non-per os malaria in peripheral health care facilities in Mopti, Mali

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The acceptability and efficacy of a new kit with a new formulation of quinine alkaloids designed for the intra-rectal administration in the treatment of non-per os malaria was assessed in the peripheral health care system of Mopti, Mali.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A single-arm trial was conducted from August 2003 to January 2004. An initial dose of diluted quinine alkaloids (20 mg/kg Quinimax^®) was administered by the intra-rectal route to children with presumptive non per-os malaria at six peripheral heath care centres. The children were then referred to two referral hospitals where standard inpatient care including intravenous route were routinely provided. A malaria thick smear was done at inclusion and a second malaria thick smear after arrival at the referral facility, where a more complete clinical examination and laboratory testing was done to confirm diagnosis. Confirmed cases of severe malaria or others diseases were treated according to national treatment guidelines. Cases of non per-os malaria received a second dose of intra rectal quinine alkaloids. Primary outcome was acceptability of the intra rectal route by children and their parents as well as the ease to handle the kit by health care workers.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The study included 134 children with a median age of 33 months and 53.7% were male. Most of the children (67%) and 92% of parents or guardians readily accepted the intra-rectal route; 84% of health care workers found the kit easy to use. At the peripheral health care centres, 32% of children had a coma score ≤ 3 and this was reduced to 10% at the referral hospital, following one dose of intra-rectal quinine alkaloids (IRQA). The mean time to availability of oral route treatment was 1.8 ± 1.1 days. Overall, 73% of cases were confirmed severe malaria and for those the case fatality rate was 7.2%.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>IRQA was well accepted by children, their parents/guardians and by the health workers at peripheral health facilities in Mopti, Mali. There was also a quick recovery from deep coma and a reduced case fatality rate in severe malaria.</p

Platelet-mediated clumping of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes is associated with high parasitemia but not severe clinical manifestations of malaria in African children

Platelet-mediated clumping of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes is an adhesive phenotype commonly found in field isolates that has previously been associated with severe malaria. Here, clumping was assessed in 131 isolates from Malian children. The clumping phenotype was seen in 6% (n=51) of uncomplicated malaria, 24% (n=51) of severe malaria, and 45% (n=29) of high parasitemia non-severe malaria isolates. Multivariate analysis indicated that clumping was strongly positively associated with parasitemia (F(1,122)=24.1, p<0.001) but not with disease category (F(2,122)=1.8, p=0.17). Therefore platelet-mediated clumping in Malian P. falciparum isolates is primarily associated with high parasitemia and not with severe clinical manifestations of malaria

High levels of Plasmodium falciparum rosetting in all clinical forms of severe malaria in African children

Plasmodium falciparum rosetting (the spontaneous binding of infected erythrocytes to uninfected erythrocytes) is a well-recognized parasite virulence factor. However, it is currently unclear whether rosetting is associated with all clinical forms of severe malaria, or only with specific syndromes such as cerebral malaria. We investigated the relationship between rosetting and clinical malaria in 209 Malian children enrolled in a case-control study of severe malaria. Rosetting was significantly higher in parasite isolates from severe malaria cases compared with non-severe hyperparasitemia and uncomplicated malaria controls (F(2,117) = 8.15, P < 0.001). Analysis of sub-categories of severe malaria (unrousable coma, severe anemia, non-comatose neurological impairment, repeated seizures or a small heterogeneous group with signs of renal failure or jaundice) showed high levels of rosetting in all sub-categories, and no statistically significant differences in rosetting between sub-categories (F(4,67) = 1.28, P = 0.28). Thus rosetting may contribute to the pathogenesis of all severe malaria syndromes in African children, and interventions to disrupt rosetting could be potential adjunctive therapies for all forms of severe malaria in Africa