Will Sony’s Fourth Playstation Lead to a Second Sony v. Universal?

Sony has included a “share” button on the next version of their popular PlayStation video game system. This feature is meant to allow players to record and share videos of their gameplay. This service shares similarities with the controversial “record” button that Sony included with its Betamax players over thirty years ago. The Betamax player was the subject of the landmark case Sony v. Universal, a foundational case for the modern application of copyright law to new technology. This Issue Brief examines how this “share” feature would fare under the framework laid out by Sony v. Universal and other evolutions in copyright law

Low-cost Automation – changing the traditional view on automation strategies using collaborative applications

The labor cost has been one of the main reasons for industry to move some of the production to so called low-cost countries. Research has shown that this issue is more complex than just calculate labor cost as main driver. Organization culture, research and development and technical competence is also important drivers for a successful automation strategy. Another important factor when it comes to automation strategies is what production parameters to consider choosing the right automation. Traditionally five parameters have been considered i.e. Volume, batch sizes, variants, investment cost and labor cost. With new and cheaper solutions for automation these two views on automation and lowcost production need to be considered and changed. This paper will describe three demonstrators using low-cost automation solutions to automate simple tasks in final assembly systems. The stations\u27 investment cost is all below 50,000 euro. The first demonstrators have been set up and tested in a lab environment. The results show a high precision, easiness in programming and high quality. The aim is to test this further in real industrial environment to stress the system and to put it into a tougher environment

How to design a smart factory?

The enabling technologies of today creates a lot of opportunities. Hence, with all the differentchoices the complexity of different hardware and software increases. Furthermore, thecommunication between all the system needs a structure in order to make the whole system moreflexible, proactive and productive factory. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how a smartfactory can be designed in terms of communication and interoperability between systems. To beable to demonstrate this a drone factory has been built in order to show a smart factory, from inhouselogistics to end-on-line quality check. This paper uses the pathway framework to describethe development of the smart drone factory

Conceptualising Assembly 4.0 through the Drone Factory

This paper aims to discuss the complexity of designing an assembly system according to industry 4.0. This is done by introducing the drone factory as a learning facility at the digital innovation hub SIILab. The paper discusses the areas of Operator-Organisation, Operator-Technologies, Technologies-Product and Product-Organisation in a current state and information support subsystem, IIoT architecture and hardware in the assembly 4.0 context

Evaluating Cobots for Final Assembly

AbstractCollaborative robots becomes more and more common in lab environment and soon also in industry. In order to create resource- and volume flexibility, dynamic and smart automation could be seen as an answer. This paper has investigated the collaborative robots UR3 and UR5 for O-ring assembly and final assembly, compared to the current state which is performed manually. The methodology Dynamo++ was used for measurement and analysis in terms of LoA (cognitive and physical), cycle-time and quality. Furthermore, automation strategy, safety and easiness of programming was investigated. Results show that collaborative robots have great potential in the middle product volume area. A lot of time, layout space and money could be saved with these solutions. However, standards and safety has to be investigated further in order to reach its fully potential

Lead-Time Effect Comparison of Additive Manufacturing with Conventional Alternatives

This single case study used value stream mapping as input data to analyse alternatives for production of quenching tools in an on-site tool department of an automotive manufacturer. The existing manufacturing organised as a functional workshop was compared to the alternatives, adding an additive manufacturing cell or a conventional automated cell, with regards to lead-Time and needed process changes. The results indicate that lead-Time savings should not be the only reason for considering additive manufacturing. When it is beneficial for design and product functionality improvements, however, lead time improvements may give a contribution to the business case

Jobbene med lavest lønn. Hvem har jobbene og hvor lenge er folk i slike jobber

Rapporten legger vekt på å forklare egenskaper ved de 20 prosent lavest lønnede arbeidsforholdene (jobbene), og når det er relevant belyser vi lønnstakerne som besitter slike jobber

Assembly 4.0: Wheel Hub Nut Assembly Using a Cobot

To achieve a flexible and adaptable assembly system (assembly 4.0) a combination of enabling resources and technologies are required. Collaborative robots (Cobots) are one such technology that can offer higher flexibility and quick adaptability in assembly systems. Cobots are becoming more common in the manufacturing industry, the use and application of cobots are constantly growing. Combining cobots with IIoT gives the possibilities to also communicate with cobots and employees to achieve an effective assembly system. This paper presents a design research experiment conducted using cobots in a lab environment. The experiment studies the use of cobots in a final assembly environment with the focus on testing feasibility, improving quality and ergonomics of a real industrial operation. The experiment setup is presented in detail and the results are discussed along with future research directions

A Two-Stage Bennet Decomposition of the Change in the Weighted Arithmetic Mean

The weighted arithmetic mean is used in a wide variety of applications. An infinite number of possible decompositions of the change in the weighted mean are available, and it is therefore an open question which of the possible decompositions should be applied. In this article, we derive a decomposition of the change in the weighted mean based on a two-stage Bennet decomposition. Our proposed decomposition is easy to employ and interpret, and we show that it satisfies the difference counterpart to the index number time reversal test. We illustrate the framework by decomposing aggregate earnings growth from 2020Q4 to 2021Q4 in Norway and compare it with some of the main decompositions proposed in the literature. We find that the wedge between the identified compositional effects from the proposed two-stage Bennet decomposition and the one-stage Bennet decomposition is substantial, and for some industries, the compositional effects have opposite signs.A Two-Stage Bennet Decomposition of the Change in the Weighted Arithmetic MeanpublishedVersio

Jobber med lav lønn. En kartlegging av jobbene og lønnstakerne med lav lønn

Vi finner at lønnstakere som skifter næring og/eller yrke hyppigere går ut av jobber med lav lønn. Lønnstakere som forblir i næringer med lavt lønnsnivå er mer utsatte for å forbli i jobber med lavere lønn. Hvis lønnstakerne er i deltidsjobber av vekslende størrelse er det vanligere at de forblir i lavt lønnede jobber. Resultatene er for en periode på seks år, fra 2017 til 2022. I denne rapporten følger vi opp og går videre fra resultatene i Grini og Johnsen (2021), som belyste egenskaper ved lønnsnivå og lønnsutviklingen i jobbene med de laveste lønningene. I den rapporten var søkelyset på alle jobber med lønn blant de 20 prosent lavest lønnede. Eksempelvis var lærlinger inkludert i datagrunnlaget. I denne rapporten går vi lenger ved å skille ut lønnstakere som har andre aktiviteter som utdanning, herunder også lærlinger, eller er tilknyttet velferdsordninger. Hensikten er å rette oppmerksomheten mot lønnstakere som først og fremst har arbeid som hovedaktivitet. Kartleggingen gjennom deskriptiv statistikk viser at flere egenskaper er mer typiske i den nederste delen av lønnsfordelingen sammenliknet med resten av jobbene i arbeidsmarkedet. Typisk er at lave lønninger oftere opptrer blant lønnstakere som har jobb i utvalgte næringer og yrker. Næringene med høy andel lønninger under grensene vi bruker er overnatting og servering, varehandel, forretningsmessig tjenesteyting og helse- og sosialtjenester. Jobbene er typisk i yrkesgruppen salgsog serviceyrker, samt blant hjelpearbeidere og innenfor rengjøring. Jobber med lav lønn er oftere deltidsjobber, har få, om noen, utdanningskrav og er oftere enn andre jobber midlertidige, fremfor faste. I denne rapporten bringer vi også inn kjennemerker som ikke tidligere er brukt i lønnsstatistikken, herunder tips og fagforeningsmedlemskap. Tips er i hovedsak konsentrert i overnatting og servering, som også har stor andel jobber med lønn under grensene vi bruker i rapporten, altså er tips som kompensasjon konsentrert blant de lavest lønte jobbene. For fagforeningsmedlemskap, som avledes fra at det i skattemeldingen er søkt om fradrag for betalt fagforeningskontingent, ser vi at det er lavere forekomst av medlemskap i fagforening i den nederste delen av lønnsfordelingen. OECD publiserer lønnsstatistikk for heltidsansatte der de blant annet benytter et mål som kalles «Low Pay Incidence», som vi på norsk kan kalle forekomst av lav lønn (OECD 2023). OECD beskriver denne grensen som to tredeler av median lønn for heltidsansatte. Siden SSB har en lønnsstatistikk omregnet til heltidsekvivalenter kan vi inkludere deltidsansatte i grunnlaget og beregne median månedslønn per november for alle årene som dekkes av rapporten. Vi tar følgelig i bruk et nytt mål for hva som kan anses som lav lønn som dekker både heltid og deltid. Bruk av statistiske modeller bekrefter at næring er utslagsgivende for endring av lønnsplassering. I siste delen av rapporten sammenstiller vi en rekke kjennemerker i en statistisk modell som søker å beskrive virkningen kjennemerkene har på hvor langt opp i lønnshierarkiet man beveger seg på årene fra 2017 til 2022. Helt til slutt søker vi å belyse hvilke kjennemerker som samvarierer mest med å forbli i jobber med lav lønn. Ikke uventet er jobb i næringer med lav lønn kontra jobber i næringer med høyere lønn viktig for å forstå sannsynligheten for fortsatt lavt lønnsnivå og det å forbli i gruppen av jobber med lavest lønn.Arbeids- og inkluderingsdepartementet har delfinansiert rapporten