Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii among Pregnant Women in Abyek Township of Qazvin Province , Iran (2013)

 Objective: Toxoplasmosis is an important disease which is caused by the coccidian parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The aim of this study was to determineseroprevalence of and risk factors for T. gondii among pregnant women in Abyek township of Qazvin province by enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay method.Methods: Blood samples were taken from 200 pregnant women referred to the health centers of Abyek township. Immunoglobulin M (IgM)and IgGtiters and effects of some factors on incidence of the disease were evaluated. The collected data were statistically analyzed with SPSS 17 using Chisquaretest.Results: Anti toxoplasma IgM and IgG were positive in 2% and 29% respectively. Seropositive subjects were more frequently seen in women withage >30 years compared to younger women. No significant relationship was found between the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection and level ofeducation, residence area, history of abortion and gestational age.Conclusion: It was indicative of having a latent infection due to the previous exposure to toxoplasma parasite in this region.Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii, Prevalence, Pregnant women, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Immunoglobulin M

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Management And Results Of Extensive Volar Wrist Lacerations: “The Spaghetti Wrist“ In 124 Patients During A 5 Year Period In 15th Khordad Hospital Tehran

Background Spaghetti wrist is a sharp volar wrist laceration in which at least 10 structures, including tendons, at least one major nerve and usually one major vessel are divided. These injuries are usually accompanied with severe permanent complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spaghetti wrist injury in Iran and find ways to decrease complications and obtain better results. Methods: This study was done during a 5- year period between March 1999 and March 2003 in the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of 15th Khordad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University Medical School, Tehran, in the subset of 30 patients available for follow-up examination. Results: This study reviewed 124 patients with "spaghetti wrist" lacerations. All injuries were sharp lacerations. A total of 115 men and 9 women, average age 24.5 years (range 8 to 62 years) sustained spaghetti wrist injures. The most commonly injured hand was the right hand (74.9 percent). The most frequently injured tendons were third and fourth FDS (98.3 percent). The ulnar nerve was more commonly injured than the median nerve. The ulnar artery was more commonly injured than the radial artery. In the subset of 30 patients available for follow-up examination, range of motion was excellent in 14 patients and good in 8 patients. Intrinsic muscle recovery was good in 9 patients and fair to poor in 21 patients. Sensory return was disappointing:17 patients recovered only protective sensation and 13 patients demonstrated return of two-point discrimination that ranged from 7 to 13 mm in 10 patients and from 2 to 6 mm in 3 patients. Conclusion:Generally recovery of function in "spaghetti wrist" after repair is not satisfactory.In order to obtain better results accurate repair of injured structures, early movement,appropriate physiotherapy and patient co-operation are required

Management And Results Of Extensive Volar Wrist Lacerations: The Spaghetti Wrist In 124 Patients During A 5 Year Period In 15Th Khordad Hospital Tehran

Background: Spaghetti wrist is a sharp volar wrist laceration in which at least 10 structures, including tendons, at least one major nerve and usually one major vessel are divided. These injuries are usually accompanied with severe permanent complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spaghetti wrist injury in Iran and find ways to decrease complications and obtain better re-sults. Methods: This study was done during a 5- year period between March 1999 and March 2003 in the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of 15th Khordad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University Medical School, Tehran, in the subset of 30 patients available for follow-up examination. Results: This study reviewed 124 patients with "spaghetti wrist" lacerations. All injuries were sharp lacerations. A total of 115 men and 9 women, average age 24.5 years (range 8 to 62 years) sustained spaghetti wrist injures. The most commonly injured hand was the right hand (74.9 percent). The most frequently injured tendons were third and fourth FDS (98.3 percent). The ulnar nerve was more commonly injured than the median nerve. The ulnar artery was more commonly injured than the radial artery. In the subset of 30 patients available for follow-up examination, range of motion was excellent in 14 patients and good in 8 patients. Intrinsic muscle re-covery was good in 9 patients and fair to poor in 21 patients. Sensory return was disappointing: 17 patients recovered only protective sensation and 13 pa-tients demonstrated return of two-point discrimination that ranged from 7 to 13 mm in 10 patients and from 2 to 6 mm in 3 patients. Conclusion: Generally recovery of function in "spaghetti wrist" after repair is not satisfactory. In order to obtain better results accurate repair of injured structures, early movement, appropriate physiotherapy and patient co-operation are required

A systematic review of resting-state and task-based fmri in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

Functional neuroimaging modalities have enhanced our understanding of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) underlying neural mechanisms. Due to its non-invasive, sensitive and analytical nature, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides valuable insights into relevant functional brain networks and their segregation and integration properties. We systematically reviewed the contribution of resting-state and task-based fMRI to the current understanding of the pathophysiology and the patterns of seizure propagation in JME Altogether, despite some discrepancies, functional findings suggest that corticothalamo-striato-cerebellar network along with default-mode network and salience network are the most affected networks in patients with JME. However, further studies are required to investigate the association between JME\u27s main deficiencies, e.g., motor and cognitive deficiencies and fMRI findings. Moreover, simultaneous electroencephalography-fMRI (EEG-fMRI) studies indicate that alterations of these networks play a role in seizure modulation but fall short of identifying a causal relationship between altered functional properties and seizure propagation. This review highlights the complex pathophysiology of JME, which necessitates the design of more personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in this group

The burden of prostate cancer in North Africa and Middle East, 1990–2019:Findings from the global burden of disease study

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most prevalent cancer among men worldwide. This study presents estimates of PCa prevalence, incidence, death, years-of-life-lost (YLLs), years-lived-with-disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted-life-years (DALYs), and the burden attributable to smoking during 1990-2019 in North Africa and Middle East using data of Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) Study 2019. Methods: This study is a part of GBD 2019. Using vital registration and cancer registry data, the estimates on PCa burden were modeled. Risk factor analysis was performed through the six-step conceptual framework of Comparative Risk Assessment. Results: The age-standardized rates (95% UI) of PCa incidence, prevalence, and death in 2019 were 23.7 (18.5-27.9), 161.1 (126.6-187.6), and 11.7 (9.4-13.9) per 100,000 population. While PCa incidence and prevalence increased by 77% and 144% during 1990-2019, respectively, the death rate stagnated. Of the 397% increase in PCa new cases, 234% was due to a rise in the age-specific incidence rate, 79% due to population growth, and 84% due to population aging. The YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs of PCa increased by 2% (-11.8-23.1), 108% (75.5-155.1), and 6% (-8.9-28.1). The death rate and DALYs rate attributable to smoking have decreased 12% and 10%, respectively. The DALYs rate attributable to smoking was 37.4 (15.9-67.8) in Lebanon and 5.9 (2.5-10.6) in Saudi Arabia, which were the highest and lowest in the region, respectively. Conclusions: The PCa incidence and prevalence rates increased during 1990-2019; however, the death rate stagnated. The increase in the incidence was mostly due to the rise in the age-specific incidence rate, rather than population growth or aging. The burden of PCa attributable to smoking has decreased in the past 30 years

The burden of prostate cancer in North Africa and Middle East, 1990–2019: Findings from the global burden of disease study

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most prevalent cancer among men worldwide. This study presents estimates of PCa prevalence, incidence, death, years-of-life-lost (YLLs), years-lived-with-disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted-life-years (DALYs), and the burden attributable to smoking during 1990-2019 in North Africa and Middle East using data of Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) Study 2019. Methods: This study is a part of GBD 2019. Using vital registration and cancer registry data, the estimates on PCa burden were modeled. Risk factor analysis was performed through the six-step conceptual framework of Comparative Risk Assessment. Results: The age-standardized rates (95 UI) of PCa incidence, prevalence, and death in 2019 were 23.7 (18.5-27.9), 161.1 (126.6-187.6), and 11.7 (9.4-13.9) per 100,000 population. While PCa incidence and prevalence increased by 77 and 144 during 1990-2019, respectively, the death rate stagnated. Of the 397 increase in PCa new cases, 234 was due to a rise in the age-specific incidence rate, 79 due to population growth, and 84 due to population aging. The YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs of PCa increased by 2 (-11.8-23.1), 108 (75.5-155.1), and 6 (-8.9-28.1). The death rate and DALYs rate attributable to smoking have decreased 12 and 10, respectively. The DALYs rate attributable to smoking was 37.4 (15.9-67.8) in Lebanon and 5.9 (2.5-10.6) in Saudi Arabia, which were the highest and lowest in the region, respectively. Conclusions: The PCa incidence and prevalence rates increased during 1990-2019; however, the death rate stagnated. The increase in the incidence was mostly due to the rise in the age-specific incidence rate, rather than population growth or aging. The burden of PCa attributable to smoking has decreased in the past 30 years. Copyright © 2022 Abbasi-Kangevari, Saeedi Moghaddam, Ghamari, Azangou-Khyavy, Malekpour, Rezaei, Rezaei, Kolahi, GBD 2019 NAME Prostate Cancer Collaborators, Amini, Mokdad, Jamshidi, Naghavi, Larijani and Farzadfar

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% 47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% 32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% 27.9-42.8] and 33.3% 25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license