A computational study on the role of solvents and conformational fluctuation of macromolecules towards drug design

A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences of the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and TechnologyHeat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) represents an important chemotherapeutic target in the treatment of various ailments including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The protein is responsible for controlling and regulating the growth of nearly 200 client proteins known to overexpress in tumour or cancer cells. Targeting Hsp90 and inhibiting its chaperone machinery function results in proteasome degradation of the client protein and hence treatment of the disease. In this thesis, different computational docking protocols, the role of water and conformational fluctuations in drug design for the discovery and identification of new Hsp90 inhibitors are reported. In particular, the sensitivity of different docking protocols to crystal structure with and without water, relaxed complex scheme (RCS) or ensemble-based structures holo and apo structures with and without water, the effects of including a different amount of water in the protein active site on the thermodynamics of ligand binding to protein structures are reported. There is sensitivity of results to different docking protocols, RCS lowers the binding energy in comparison to crystal structure, holo ensemble with strong ligand bound improves the docking results. Since biological activities of small molecules highly depends on the conformation, molecular structure, charge distribution and non-trivial response to solvents. The thesis further explored the role of different solvents viz polar protic, polar aprotic, and non-polar on the conformation of curcumin as a model drug/natural product. Well-tempered metadynamics (WT-MetaD), an enhanced sampling method employing OPLS-AA force field in an isobaricisothermal (NPT) ensemble was used to investigate the related solvent effects. The orientation and conformational of curcumin was solvent dependent, the free energy for curcumin in solvents and vacuum portrayed a different behaviour. Curcumin exists in different configuration and conformations in different solvents. The trans-conformation was more stable in polar aprotic solvents capable of solubilizing curcumin whereas the cis-conformation was more stable in polar protic solvents i.e water where it has marginal solubility. Finally, the thesis reports on the influence of solvents on kinetics and residence time of drug unbinding in host-guest complexes. The effect of polar aprotic and polar protic solvents on kinetics and residence time of drug unbinding from a nanoparticle was investigated using chitosan-toussantine-A as a model system. WT-MetaD was used to study the kinetics and residence time. Results show that the kinetics and residence time of drug unbinding was affected by solvents. Slow unbinding kinetics of k off = 0.045 ms 1 was observed for the system formulated with water, a polar protic solvent, while fast unbinding kinetics with k off = 1000 ms 1 was observed in system formulated with DMSO solvent. Furthermore, the interaction of chitosan-toussantine-A complex in water was observed to be stable than in DMSO. The approaches used in this thesis pave the ways and can further be extended to investigate more problems in drug design ranging from protein-ligand interaction, solution conformation of small molecules and host-guest kinetics. Since the new reported small molecules as Hsp90 inhibitors are approved for other indication, the inhibitors are recommended for further pre-clinical and clinical testing as new Hsp90 inhibitors for cancer treatment

On-farm comparison of different postharvest storage technologies for effectiveness in pest management in a maize farming system of Tanzania Central Corridor: Presentation

Seven methods for storing maize were compared with traditional practice of storing maize in polypropylene bags. Twenty farmers managed the experiment under their prevailing conditions for 30 weeks. Stored grain was assessed for damage every six weeks. The dominant storage insect pests identified were the Maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) and the Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). There was no significant difference (F = 87.09; P < 0.0001) in insect control and grain damage between hermetic storage and fumigation with insecticides. However, the insecticide treated polypropylene yarn (ZeroFly®) did not control insect infestation of grain for the experimental period under farmers’ management. Grain damage was significantly lower in hermetic storage and fumigated grain than ZeroFly® and polypropylene bags without fumigation. No significant difference in grain damage was found between airtight treatment alone and when combined with the use of insecticides. During storage, S. zeamais was predominant and could be of more economic importance than T. castaneum as far as maize damage is concerned. Even though ZeroFly®, and polypropylene bags without grain treatment did not control storage pests, farmers still prefered this cheap technology. Hermetic storage techniques can be recommended to farmers without the use of insecticides provided they are inexpensive, and the proper application of technologies is ensured.Seven methods for storing maize were compared with traditional practice of storing maize in polypropylene bags. Twenty farmers managed the experiment under their prevailing conditions for 30 weeks. Stored grain was assessed for damage every six weeks. The dominant storage insect pests identified were the Maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) and the Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). There was no significant difference (F = 87.09; P < 0.0001) in insect control and grain damage between hermetic storage and fumigation with insecticides. However, the insecticide treated polypropylene yarn (ZeroFly®) did not control insect infestation of grain for the experimental period under farmers’ management. Grain damage was significantly lower in hermetic storage and fumigated grain than ZeroFly® and polypropylene bags without fumigation. No significant difference in grain damage was found between airtight treatment alone and when combined with the use of insecticides. During storage, S. zeamais was predominant and could be of more economic importance than T. castaneum as far as maize damage is concerned. Even though ZeroFly®, and polypropylene bags without grain treatment did not control storage pests, farmers still prefered this cheap technology. Hermetic storage techniques can be recommended to farmers without the use of insecticides provided they are inexpensive, and the proper application of technologies is ensured