FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF GASTRORETENTIVE FLOATING TABLET OF CIPROFLOXACIN HYDROCHORIDE

Objective: The aim of formulating floating tablets of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride was to prolong the gastric residence time after oral administration to achieve the controlled release of drug. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and it is use in the treatment of bone and joint infections, diarrhoeal infection, lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections and meningococcal prophylaxis.Methods: Floating tablets of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride were prepared by wet granulation method using two different grades (K-100M & K-4M) of Hydroxyl Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) and Carbopol 934P using effervescent technique. Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas-generating agent. The floating tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, drug content, in vitro buoyancy and dissolution studies. The effect of citric acid on drug release profile and floating properties was also investigated.Results: It was observed that tablet swelled radially and axially during in vitro buoyancy studies and remained buoyant for 10-14 h. The combination of sodium bicarbonate (70 mg) and citric acid (20 mg) was found to achieve the optimum in vitro buoyancy.Conclusion: In the present work it was concluded that the floating duration of was more in tablet with HPMC K-100 as compared with formulations containing HPMC K-4M. Drug ciprofloxacin hydrochloride release could be prolonged about 14 h in the GIT by using blend of HPMC-K 100M with sodium bicarbonate as gas generating agent and formulate it as a gastro retentive floating tablet.Keywords: Floating lag time, Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, Total floating time, Hydroxyl Propyl Methyl Cellulos

Effect of fixed dose combinations of different α1-blockers with dutasteride on quality of life in patients of lower urinary tract symptoms with benign prostatic hyperplasia

Background: Fixed dose combination (FDC’s) of α1-blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors have commonly been used in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This study compared the effect of FDC’s of tamsulosin, alfuzosin and silodosin with dutasteride on quality of life (QoL) in patients of LUTS with BPH.Methods: Ninety-six male patients aged ≥45 years diagnosed with LUTS and BPH were randomized to receive FDC’s of dutasteride with tamsulosin (group 1), alfuzosin (group 2) and silodosin (group 3) over a period of 16 weeks. Quality of life was assessed using International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) 8th question, BPH impact index (BII) and modified Patient Perception of Study Medication (PPSM) questionnaire.Results: IPSS 8th question score improved significantly by 61.68%, 57.63% and 63.4% in group 1, 2 and 3 respectively. BPH Impact Index score also improved significantly by 62.95%, 60.13% and 61.82% in group 1, 2 and 3 respectively. All the three treatments were found to be similar in improving the QoL. Majority of patients were satisfied with their treatment and wanted to receive the medication again while a small number of patients were neutral with the study medication. None of the subjects was dissatisfied with any of the treatment.Conclusions: All the FDC’s improved QoL and were found to be satisfactory as per patient perception of study medications

誤差逆伝播ネットワークによる重ね書き記憶

We propose a novel neural network for incremental learning tasks where networks are required to learn new knowledge without forgetting the old one. An essential core of the proposed neural learning structure is a transferring scheme from short-term memory (STM) into long-term memory (LTM) as in brains by using dynamic changing weights. As the number of LTMs increases, a new network structure is superimposed on the previous one without disturbing the past LTMs by introducing a lateral inhibition mechanism. Superiority of the proposed neural structure to the conventional backpropagation networks is proven with respect to the learning ability

Cohesive Motion Control Algorithm for Formation of Multiple Autonomous Agents

This paper presents a motion control strategy for a rigid and constraint consistent formation that can be modeled by a directed graph whose each vertex represents individual agent kinematics and each of directed edges represents distance constraints maintained by an agent, called follower, to its neighbouring agent. A rigid and constraint consistent graph is called persistent graph. A persistent graph is minimally persistent if it is persistent, and no edge can be removed without losing its persistence. An acyclic (free of cycles in its sensing pattern) minimally persistent graph of Leader-Follower structure has been considered here which can be constructed from an initial Leader-Follower seed (initial graph with two vertices, one is Leader and another one is First Follower and one edge in between them is directed towards Leader) by Henneberg sequence (a procedure of growing a graph) containing only vertex additions. A set of nonlinear optimization-based decentralized control laws for mobile autonomous point agents in two dimensional plane have been proposed. An infinitesimal deviation in formation shape created continuous motion of Leader is compensated by corresponding continuous motion of other agents fulfilling the shortest path criteria

Design of an Error-Based Adaptive Controller for a Flexible Robot Arm Using Dynamic Pole Motion Approach

Design of an adaptive controller for complex dynamic systems is a big challenge faced by the researchers. In this paper, we introduce a novel concept of dynamic pole motion (DPM) for the design of an error-based adaptive controller (E-BAC). The purpose of this novel design approach is to make the system response reasonably fast with no overshoot, where the system may be time varying and nonlinear with only partially known dynamics. The E-BAC is implanted in a system as a nonlinear controller with two dominant dynamic parameters: the dynamic position feedback and the dynamic velocity feedback. For illustrating the strength of this new approach, in this paper we give an example of a flexible robot with nonlinear dynamics. In the design of this feedback adaptive controller, parameters of the controller are designed as a function of the system error. The position feedback Kp(e,t) and the velocity feedback Kv(e,t) are continuously varying and formulated as a function of the system error e(t). This approach for formulating the adaptive controller yields a very fast response with no overshoot

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease may not be a severe disease at presentation among Asian Indians

Aim: To evaluate the clinical and biochemical profile of patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to assess their histological severity at presentation. Methods: Consecutive patients presenting to the liver clinic of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) with raised transaminases to at least 1.5 times upper limit of normal, and histologically confi rmed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were included. Patients who had significant alcohol intake or positive markers of other liver diseases or who were taking drugs known to produce fatty liver were excluded. The clinical, biochemical and histological profi le of this group was studied. Results: Fifty-one patients with NAFLD formed the study population. Their median age and BMI were 34(17-58) years and 26.7(21.3-32.5) kg/m2 respectively and 46 (90.1%) were males. The majority of the patients had mild inflammation, either grade 1 [32 (63%)] or grade 2 [16 (31%)] and only 3 (6%) patients had severe (grade 3) infl ammation. Twenty-three (45%), 19 (37%), 8(16%) and 1(2%) patient had stage 0, 1, 2 and 3 fi brosis respectively on index biopsy and none had cirrhosis. On univariate analysis, triglyceride levels more than 150 mg % (OR = 7.1; 95% CI: 1.6-31.5, P = 0.002) and AST/ALT ratio > 1 (OR = 14.3; 95% CI: 1.4-678.5, P = 0.008) were associated with high grades of inflammation and none was associated with advanced fibrosis. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, hypertriglyceridemia >150 mg% was the only factor independently associated with presence of high grade of infl ammation (OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.3-22.7, P = 0.02), while none was associated with advanced fi brosis. Triglyceride levels correlated positively with infl ammatory grade (r = 0.412; P = 0.003). Conclusion: NAFLD in North Indian patients is a disease of young over-weight males, most of whom are insulin resistant and they tend to have a mild histological disease at presentation

WNT signalling in prostate cancer

Genome sequencing and gene expression analyses of prostate tumours have highlighted the potential importance of genetic and epigenetic changes observed in WNT signalling pathway components in prostate tumours-particularly in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer. WNT signalling is also important in the prostate tumour microenvironment, in which WNT proteins secreted by the tumour stroma promote resistance to therapy, and in prostate cancer stem or progenitor cells, in which WNT-β-catenin signals promote self-renewal or expansion. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the potential of inhibitors that target WNT receptor complexes at the cell membrane or that block the interaction of β-catenin with lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 and the androgen receptor, in preventing prostate cancer progression. Some WNT signalling inhibitors are in phase I trials, but they have yet to be tested in patients with prostate cancer