34 research outputs found
Hadronization and final state interaction effects in semi-exclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering off nuclei
Recent calculations of the effects of hadronization and final state
interaction (FSI) in semi-exclusive deep-inelastic scattering (DIS)
processes are reviewed. The basic ingredient underlying these
calculations, {\it viz} the time-dependent effective debris-nucleon cross
section is illustrated, and some relevant results on complex nuclei and the
deuteron are presented. In the latter case, particular attention is paid to the
choice of the kinematics, for such a choice would in principle allow one to
investigate both the structure function of a bound nucleon as well as the
hadronization mechanisms. It is stressed that a planned experiment at Jlab on
the process could be very useful in that respect.Comment: 6 pages, 5 EPS figures. Presented by C. Ciofi degli Atti at the
Fourth International Conference on Hadronic Physics, Trieste (Italy), ICTP
May 12-16, 2003. To appear in EPJ
Final state interaction effects in semi-inclusive DIS off the deuteron
The effects of the final state interaction (FSI) in semi-exclusive
deep-inelastic scattering of electrons off the deuteron are analyzed paying
particular attention to two extreme kinematical regions: i) the one where FSI
effects are minimized, so that the quark distribution of bound nucleons could
be investigated, and ii) the one where the re-interaction of the produced
hadrons with the spectator nucleon is maximized, which would allow one to study
the mechanism of hadronization of highly virtual quark. It is demonstrated that
when the recoiling spectator nucleon is detected in the backward hemisphere
with low momentum the effects from FSI are negligible, whereas at large
transverse momenta of the spectator the FSI effects are rather large. Numerical
estimates show that the FSI corrections are sensitive to the theoretical models
of the hadronization mechanism.Comment: 18 pages 6 figures A draft of the paper was erroneously sent instead
of the paper itsel
Cost-utility analysis of robotic-assisted radical cystectomy for bladder cancer compared to open radical cystectomy in the United Kingdom
BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer in the United Kingdom. Currently, open radical cystectomy (ORC) is the gold standard. Due to the risk of complications and a 2.3-8% mortality rate1, there is growing interest in the use of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC). The aim of this study is to perform a cost-utility analysis, comparing RARC to ORC for bladder cancer patients from the perspective of the National Health Service England. METHODS: A three-stage decision tree: surgery, post-surgery transfusions and complications, in a 90-day time horizon, was produced to simulate possible pathways of patients. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated based on data derived from current literature. Multiple univariate sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate influences of varying costs of RARC and ORC on the ICER. RESULTS: The ICER for RARC compared to ORC resulted in £25,536/QALY. At the lower threshold of £20,000/QALY, RARC resulted in a negative NMB (£-4,843.32) and at the upper threshold of £30,000/QALY, a positive NMB (£624.61) compared to ORC. Threshold analysis showed that the intervention costs of £13,497 and £14,403 are met at the lower and upper threshold respectively. The univariate sensitivity analysis showed that the intervention costs of RARC or ORC, and the probabilities of complications, had the greatest impact on the ICER. CONCLUSION: As the resultant ICER did not fall below the £20,000/QALY threshold, our study did not provide a definitive recommendation for RARC for bladder cancer. Negative values for the NMB at the lower threshold indicated the intervention was not feasible from a cost perspective. At the upper threshold of £30,000/QALY, this situation was reversed. The intervention became cost-effective. Therefore, further research is needed to justify the intervention
Perceptions of Digital Health Education Among European Medical Students: Mixed Methods Survey
Background: Digital health technologies hold promise to enhance patient-related outcomes, to support health care staff by reducing their workload, and to improve the coordination of care. As key users of digital health technologies, health care workers are crucial to enable a meaningful digital transformation of health care. Digital health literacy and digital skills should become prerequisite competencies for health professionals to facilitate the implementation and leverage the potential of digital technologies to improve health.
Objective: We aimed to assess European medical students' perceived knowledge and opinions toward digital health, the status of digital health implementation in medical education, and the students' most pressing needs.
Methods: The explanatory design of our mixed methods study was based on an online, anonymous, self-administered survey targeted toward European medical students. A linear regression analysis was used to identify the influence of the year of medical studies on the responses. Additional analysis was performed by grouping the responses by the self-evaluated frequency of eHealth technology use. Written responses to four qualitative questions in the survey were analyzed using an inductive approach.
Results: The survey received a total of 451 responses from 39 European countries, and there were respondents for every year of medical studies. The majority of respondents saw advantages in the use of digital health. While 40.6% (183/451) felt prepared to work in a digitized health care system, more than half (240/451, 53.2%) evaluated their eHealth skills as poor or very poor. Medical students considered lack of education to be the reason for this, with 84.9% (383/451) agreeing or strongly agreeing that more digital health education should be implemented in the medical curriculum. Students demanded introductory and specific eHealth courses covering data management, ethical aspects, legal frameworks, research and entrepreneurial opportunities, role in public health and health systems, communication skills, and practical training. The emphasis lay on tailoring learning to future job requirements and interprofessional education.
Conclusions: This study shows a lack of digital health-related formats in medical education and a perceived lack of digital health literacy among European medical students. Our findings indicate a gap between the willingness of medical students to take an active role by becoming key players in the digital transformation of health care and the education that they receive through their faculties
Mobile Gesundheitstechnologien, soziale Gerechtigkeit und populationsbezogene Vulnerabilitäten
Mobile Gesundheitstechnologien (mHealth) fördern den Trend hin zu Eigenverantwortung und Selbstmanagement. Ziel des Beitrags ist es, am Beispiel von Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 (T2DM) die Diskussion zu mHealth, Eigenverantwortung und Gerechtigkeit – welche es bisher nur in Ansätzen gibt – aus einer Public-Health-ethischen Perspektive zu vertiefen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass mHealth im Bereich T2DM soziale Gesundheitsgerechtigkeit einerseits verbessern, andererseits aber auch soziale Gesundheitsungerechtigkeiten verschärfen kann. Aus einer gerechtigkeitsfokussierten, Public-Health-ethischen Perspektive auf T2DM-mHealth ist es notwendig, besser zu verstehen, ob und wie vulnerable Bevölkerungsgruppen bei mHealth-Entwicklung und -Einsatz mitbedacht werden, wie sie die Nutzung der Technologie erleben, welche sozialepidemiologischen Auswirkungen der zunehmende Einsatz von mHealth haben kann, welche gesundheitlichen Ungleichheiten im Bereich T2DM ungerecht sind, inwieweit die Eigenverantwortung in die Hände der Nutzenden gelegt werden soll und wo die Grenzen der Eigenverantwortung liegen. Die Berücksichtigung der sozialen Diversität und der sozialen Determinanten von Gesundheit ist ein stetiger Prozess und muss alle Phasen der Entwicklung und des Einsatzes von mHealth durchziehen
The Neutron Spin Structure Function from the Deuteron Data in the Resonance Region
Nuclear effects in the spin-dependent structure function of the
deuteron are studied in the kinematics of future experiments at CEBAF, (). The magnitude of nuclear effects is found to
be significantly larger than the one occurring in deep inelastic scattering
(). A possibility to measure the neutron
structure functions in the CEBAF experiments with deuterium is analysed. It is
found that disregarding or improperly treating nuclear effects in the region of
nucleon resonances would lead to the ``extraction" of an unreliable function. A
procedure aimed at correctly extracting the neutron structure function from the
deuterium data is illustrated and conclusions about the experimental study of
the dependence of the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn Sum Rule for the neutron are
drawn.Comment: 11 pages, 4 Postscript figure
Some aspects of parity determination in the reaction
We analyze the problem of how to determine the parity of the
pentaquark in the reaction , where .
Our model calculations indicate that the contribution of the non-resonant
background of the reaction cannot be neglected, and
that suggestions to determine the parity based solely on the initial-stage
process cannot be implemented cleanly. We discuss the
various mechanisms that contribute to the background, and we identify some spin
observables which are sensitive.Comment: 39 pages, 25 figure
Charmonium absorption by nucleons
dissociation in collisions with nucleons is studied within a boson
exchange model and the energy dependence of the dissociation cross section is
calculated from the threshold for production to high
energies. We illustrate the agreement of our results with calculations based on
short distance QCD and Regge theory. The compatibility between our calculations
and the data on photoproduction on a nucleon is discussed. We evaluate
the elastic cross section using a forward dispersion relation and
demonstrate the overall agreement with the predictions from QCD sum rules. Our
results are compatible with the phenomenological dissociation cross section
evaluated from the experimental data on production from ,
and collisions.Comment: 14 pages, revtex, including 13 figures, accepted for publication in
Phys. Rev.
Relativistic Structure of the Deuteron: 1.Electro-disintegration and y-scaling
Realistic solutions of the spinor-spinor Bethe-Salpeter equation for the
deuteron with realistic interaction kernel including the exchange of pi, sigma,
omega, rho, eta and delta mesons, are used to systematically investigate
relativistic effects in inclusive quasi-elastic electron-deuteron scattering
within the relativistic impulse approximation. Relativistic y-scaling is
considered by generalising the non relativistic scaling function to the
relativistic case, and it is shown that y-scaling does occur in the usual
relativistic scaling variable resulting from the energy conservation in the
instant form of dynamics. The present approach of y-scaling is fully covariant,
with the deuteron being described by eight components, viz. the 3S_1^{++},
3S_1^{--}, 3D_1^{++}, 3D_1^{--}, 3P_1^{+-}, 3P_1^{-+}, 1P_1^{+-}, 1P_1^{-+}
waves. It is demonstrated that if the negative relative energy states 1P_1,
3P_1 are disregarded, the concept of covariant momentum distributions N(p_0,p),
with p_0=M_D/2-\sqrt{p^2+m^2}, can be introduced, and that calculations of
lectro-disintegration cross section in terms of these distributions agree
within few percents with the exact calculations which include the 1P_1, 3P_1
states, provided the nucleon three momentum |p|\<= 1 GeV/c; in this momentum
range, the asymptotic relativistic scaling function is shown to coincide with
the longitudinal covariant momentum distribution.Comment: 32 LaTeX pages, 18 eps-figures. Final version to appear in Phys. Rev.
On the effects of the final state interaction in the electro-disintegration of the deuteron at intermediate and high energies
The role of the final state interactions (FSI) in the inclusive quasi-elastic
disintegration of the deuteron is investigated treating the two-nucleon final
state within the exact continuum solutions of the non-relativistic Schroedinger
equation, as well as within the Glauber multiple scattering approach. It is
shown that for values of the Bjorken scaling variable both
approaches provide similar results, unless the case , where
they appreciably disagree. It is demonstrated that present experimental data,
which are mostly limited to a region of four-momentum transfer () where the Center-of-Mass energy of the final state is below the
pion threshold production, can be satisfactorily reproduced by the approach
based on the exact solution of the Schroedinger equation and not by the Glauber
approach. It is also pointed out that the latter, unlike the former, does not
satisfy the inelastic Coulomb sum rule, the violation being of the order of
about 20%.Comment: 16 LaTeX pages, 10 eps-figures, 1 tabl