Family, Households and Women's Empowerment in Bahia, Brazil, Through the Generations: Continuities or Change?

This article identifies changes and continuities in gender relations in a working class neighbourhood in Salvador, Bahia, through the generations. Based on data collected over a period of nearly 20 years, it seeks to identify processes of women's empowerment. It confirms the relevance of women's economic independence to their participation in decision?making and in gaining autonomy; it gave them the power to assert control over their own lives. To this end, female solidarity has also played a special role, propitiating the exercise of power with to bring about the desired changes in one's lives. However, neither economic independence nor female solidarity alone seems to have automatically led to conscious ‘gender rebellion’ and a break with traditional roles in the family. This only becomes possible when new values and attitudes in favour of alternative models, such as those proposed by contemporary feminisms, gain greater expression

Sedimentary 4-desmethyl sterols and n-alkanols in an eutrophic urban estuary, Capibaribe River, Brazil

International audienc

Tendências no desenvolvimento de gases de proteção utilizados na soldagem MIG/MAG Trends in the development of protective gases used in GMAW welding

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão do estado da arte sobre os gases de proteção usados nos processos de soldagem a arco elétrico, com ênfase na soldagem MIG/MAG do aço. São apresentados os principais conceitos da física do arco e as propriedades relacionadas aos gases de proteção. O modelo de atmosfera ligeiramente oxidante para os gases de proteção é discutido, sendo mostradas as formulações dos gases estudados em artigos científicos e em patentes depositadas, bem como as reivindicações (vantagens) requeridas. Também são mencionados alguns poucos estudos usando adições de gases não convencionais. Foi observado que no desenvolvimento de gases de proteção para soldagem MIG/MAG do aço predomina o modelo da formação de atmosfera ligeiramente oxidante. A maioria das formulações propostas envolve o uso de misturas binárias, ternárias e até quaternárias dos gases Ar, He, CO2 e O2. Em aplicações específicas, adições de N2 e H2 foram usadas. Neste sentido, pouca inovação foi identificada, sendo atribuídas possíveis razões a este fato. A tendência observada para o desenvolvimento de gases de proteção parece ser o uso de misturas ricas em gases inertes, com adições calibradas de elementos oxidantes, sempre atendendo a aplicações específicas.<br>This paper has as objective to present a state of the art review on the shielding gases used in the electric arc welding processes, with emphasis on GMAW welding of steel. There are shown the main concepts of arc physics and properties related to shielding gases. The model of slightly oxidizing atmosphere for shielding gases is discussed, and the formulations of the gases studied in scientific articles and in deposited patents, as well as the claims (benefits) required. It also mentions some few studies using additions of non-conventional gases. It was observed that for the development of shielding gases for the GMAW steel welding the model of slightly oxidizing atmosphere is predominant. Most of proposed formulations involve the use of binary, ternary or even quaternary mixtures of the gases Ar, He, CO2 and O2. For specific aplications, additions of N2 e H2 were used. In this meaning, few innovations were identified, and possible reasons were attributed. The trend observed for the development of shielding gases seems to be the use of mixtures rich in inert gases, with calibrated additions of oxidizing elements, always looking for specific applications