Dobroć uwalniająca z "gry w wartości". O dekonstrukcji myślenia aksjologicznego

The aim of this article is to show that metaphysical level is the core and condition of possibility of axiology. The paper focuses on methodological differentiation concerning two levels: metaphysical and axiological one. The first one is connected with Goodness, which is the essence of values and an atmosphere that precedes every evaluation, while the second one means discourse about values. When metaphysical level with its Goodness is forgotten, axiology changes itself into “game of values”, that arbitrarily builds hierarchy and tries to measure everything. This “game of values” discounts the level of Goodness and functions as a closed area – a system of rules, where there are only  pseudo-values (goods), but there is no reference to Goodness. Without taking into consideration the metaphysical (i.e. ethical in Levinasian terminology) level and personal thinking axiology shows itself as a totalitarian construct, which only seems to be interested in Goodness and in fact it is more focused on constructing values. The difference between metaphysics and axiology is described via phenomenological analysis of Enigma of Goodness (the order of metaphysics) and phenomenon of good (the order of axiology)

O behawioralnym podejściu do badania prawa, paradoksie, do którego prowadzi i sposobie jego przezwyciężenia

The claim of the paper is that postulates of law making, as well as of analyzing law on the basis of thescientific knowledge on the behavioral regularities lead to paradoxical consequences. I present basic assumptions of the behavioral approach to analysis of law and the reasoning which results in the paradox. In the contemporary research on law, one may observe an increasing interest, especially in the United States and Western Europe, in the development and outcomes of behavioral sciences. References to these sciences are justified from the theoretical perspective (behavioral theories and methods should enable better understanding of the behavioral impact of law), as well as from the policy perspective (they should make possible more effective influences on people’s behavior). In the paper I analyze whether current findings of behavioral sciences allow for formulating such far-reaching conclusions concerning the content of legal norms and their behavioral impact. It will be demonstrated how paradoxes could be avoided, when taking into account concepts and analyses of Leon Petrażycki, especially methodological aspects of his work.W artykule przedstawiam podstawowe założenia behawioralnego podejścia do analiz prawa i wykazuję, że akceptacja twierdzeń dotyczących zastosowania nauk behawioralnych do analiz prawa, formułowanych przez zwolenników tego podejścia, prowadzi do paradoksu. We współczesnej refleksji nad prawem, prowadzonej zwłaszcza w Stanach Zjednoczonych i Europie Zachodniej, twierdzi się, że wyniki badań nauk behawioralnych mogą znaleźć zastosowanie w kontekstach prawnych. Odwołania do wiedzy o działaniu mają umożliwić z jednej strony adekwatne wyjaśnienie (przez teoretyków) wpływu prawa na działania, z drugiej zaś – skuteczne wpływanie (przez prawodawców) na zachowania i decyzje adresatów norm prawnych. Analizuję, czy aktualne badania i ustalenia nauk behawioralnych pozwalają na formułowanie tak daleko idących wniosków i rekomendacji dotyczących treści norm prawnych oraz ich oddziaływania na decyzje adresatów norm, jak te spotykane w omawianych i krytykowanych pracach. Pokazuję, w jaki sposób paradoksów można uniknąć, nawiązując do koncepcji teoretycznych Leona Petrażyckiego, a w szczególności metodologicznych aspektów jego rozważań

2-Meth­oxy-3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxy­anilino)methyl­idene]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one

The title mol­ecule, C20H21NO6, adopts a keto–amine tautomeric form. An intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond, classified as a resonanse-assisted hydrogen bond, influences the mol­ecular conformation; the two benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 24.6 (1)°. In the crystal structure, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link mol­ecules into chains propagating along [001]

Czy zastosowanie teorii decyzji do prawa prowadzi do paradoksu?

W artykule podejmuję się wykazania, że akceptacja twierdzeń dotyczących zastosowania teorii podejmowania decyzji do analiz prawa, formułowanych przez zwolenników podejścia do prawa zwanego ekonomiczną analizą prawa (ang. law & economics), prowadzi do paradoksu. Uważam, że na gruncie law& economics nie można bez popadania w paradoks pogodzić ze sobą twierdzeń o tym, że teoria podejmowania decyzji leży u podstaw ekonomicznych analiz prawa i dostarcza prawodawcy wiedzy niezbędnej do skutecznego wpływania na zachowania adresatów norm, z przekonaniem, że prawo stanowi instrument oddziaływania na zachowania. Przedstawiam rozumowanie, które prowadzi do paradoksalnych wniosków oraz jego ilustrację, opartą na analizach prowadzonych w pracach zwolenników law & economics. W zakończeniu formułuję hipotezy na temat możliwych źródeł powstania paradoksu

Ekonomia społeczna a wykluczenie społeczne – uwagi wstępne

Editorial to thematic issue: Social Exclusion

Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey) : preliminary report on research in 2014-2015

The paper deals with the results of excavation in 2014 and 2015 at the Tell el-Murra site in the northeastern part of the Nile Delta. The investigations covered a settlement mostly from the Old Kingdom period found in trench T5; more specifically, the investigated features seem primarily connected with food production. Settlement remains from the Naqada III-possibly Early Dynastic and Protodynastic(?) periods were also explored in trench S3B. Continued research on the Early Dynastic cemetery in trench S3 yielded 16 more graves, including simple pit burials and chamber graves. In several cases bodies had been placed in pottery coffins. The presence of several mud-brick walls, possibly associated with older settlement structures, was also confirmed within the lattermost trench. Altogether the research provided new data on the settlement architecture, site development processes and burial customs invoked in the beginnings of the Egyptian state

Interactions in flavanone and chalcone derivatives: Hirshfeld surface analysis, energy frameworks and global reactivity descriptors

The present study examines a series of flavanone and chalcone derivatives substituted with electron-withdrawing groups (Cl or Br) and electron-donating groups (OH, CH3 and OCH3), namely, 7-methoxy-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one, C16H14O3, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one, C16H14O3, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one, C17H16O3, 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one, C15H11ClO2, 8-bromo-6-methyl-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one, C16H13BrO2, (2E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one, C16H14O3, and (2E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one, C15H12O3. It compares the two groups of derivatives with regard to their intermolecular interactions in the crystal lattice and lattice energy calculations, together with energy framework visualization and global reactivity descriptors (chemical hardness, chemical potential and electrophilicity index). It also discusses the relationships between different noncovalent interactions derived from Hirshfeld surface analysis, crystal lattice energy and global reactivity descriptors of the compounds

Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey) : research in 2016-2017

The paper deals with the results of excavation in 2016 and 2017 at the site of Tell el-Murra in the northeastern part of the Nile Delta. The investigation focused on Trench T5, where settlement remains dated mostly from the Early Dynastic period were explored in its northern part, and early Old Kingdom structures in the southern part. Settlement remains of Lower Egyptian culture were also excavated in Trench S3B. Continued research on the Early Dynastic cemetery in Trench S3 yielded eight more graves, both pit burials and chambered tombs. In one case, the body was placed additionally in a pottery coffin. The results contribute new data on Early Dynastic settlement architecture and burial customs, as well as the oldest habitation associated with Lower Egyptian culture