Metástase ocular de tumor venéreo transmissível em cão. Relato de um caso

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Ocorrência de estágios larvais de Ancylostoma spp na areia de parques públicos infantis do município de Santos, Baixada Santista

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Multilocus genotyping reveals new molecular markers for differentiating distinct genetic lineages among “candidatus phytoplasma solani” strains associated with grapevine bois noir

Grapevine Bois noir (BN) is associated with infection by “Candidatus Phytoplasma solani” (CaPsol). In this study, an array of CaPsol strains was identified from 142 symptomatic grapevines in vineyards of northern, central, and southern Italy and North Macedonia. Molecular typing of the CaPsol strains was carried out by analysis of genes encoding 16S rRNA and translation elongation factor EF-Tu, as well as eight other previously uncharacterized genomic fragments. Strains of tuf-type a and b were found to be differentially distributed in the examined geographic regions in correlation with the prevalence of nettle and bindweed. Two sequence variants were identified in each of the four genomic segments harboring hlyC, cbiQ-glyA, trxA-truB-rsuA, and rplS-tyrS-csdB, respectively. Fifteen CaPsol lineages were identified based on distinct combinations of sequence variations within these genetic loci. Each CaPsol lineage exhibited a unique collective restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern and differed from each other in geographic distribution, probably in relation to the diverse ecological complexity of vineyards and their surroundings. This RFLP-based typing method could be a useful tool for investigating the ecology of CaPsol and the epidemiology of its associated diseases. Phylogenetic analyses highlighted that the sequence variants of the gene hlyC, which encodes a hemolysin III-like protein, separated into two clusters consistent with the separation of two distinct lineages on the basis of tufB gene sequences. Alignments of deduced full protein sequences of elongation factor-Tu (tufB gene) and hemolysin III-like protein (hlyC gene) revealed the presence of critical amino acid substitutions distinguishing CaPsol strains of tuf-type a and b. Findings from the present study provide new insights into the genetic diversity and ecology of CaPsol populations in vineyards

Identification and ecology of alternative insect vectors of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ to grapevine

Bois noir, a disease of the grapevine yellows complex, is associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' and transmitted to grapevines in open fields by the cixiids Hyalesthes obsoletus and Reptalus panzeri. In vine-growing areas where the population density of these vectors is low within the vineyard, the occurrence of bois noir implies the existence of alternative vectors. The aim of this study was to identify alternative vectors through screening of the Auchenorrhyncha community, phytoplasma typing by stamp gene sequence analyses, and transmission trials. During field activities, conducted in Northern Italy in a vineyard where the bois noir incidence was extremely high, nine potential alternative insect vectors were identified according to high abundance in the vineyard agro-ecosystem, high infection rate, and harbouring phytoplasma strains characterized by stamp gene sequence variants found also in symptomatic grapevines. Transmission trials coupled with molecular analyses showed that at least eight species (Aphrodes makarovi, Dicranotropis hamata, Dictyophara europaea, Euscelis incisus, Euscelidius variegatus, Laodelphax striatella, Philaenus spumarius, and Psammotettix alienus/confinis) are alternative vectors of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' to grapevines. These novel findings highlight that bois noir epidemiology in vineyard agro-ecosystems is more complex than previously known, opening up new perspectives in the disease management

Effects of Endosulfan (Thiodan 35 EC®) on Meiofauna Community Through a Microcosm Approach

A microcosm experiment with natural community of meiofauna was performed to test the effects of the organochlorine pesticide Thiodan 35 EC (35% endosulfan) at concentrations more likely to reach the estuaries by the sugar cane crops runoff. A methodological proposal for microcosms was tested for tropical estuaries. The nominal concentrations (0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.35 and 0.55 μg.g-1 + control) and experimental times (0, 1, 4, 8 and 16 days) were adopted. Nominal and measured endosulfan concentrations in Thiodan showed highly significant correlation with losses below 60%. Significant differences were detected for meiofauna structure between experimental days and concentrations tested. The organochlorine Thiodan measured as endosulfan concentrations had affected the Kinorhyncha group on Day 8 and the Simple Linear Regression explained part of densities variation. There were no significant concentration effects on microphytobenthos and its concentration was not related to groups’ feeding. Despite the moderate to high volatilization rate of the endosufan observed in the end of the experiment, it is suggested the absence of mortality patterns due to pesticide bioavailability related to both sedimentary factors and the presence of microalgae. Possible replacement of sensitive by tolerant species or predominance of resistant species in each meiofauna group throughout the experiment is another hypothesis to be discussed. Keywords: meiofauna, microcosm, pesticide, endosulfan, Thiodan, sugar cane, microphytobenthos

Heavy metals in contaminated soils of the Rio Sitzerri floodplain (Sardinia, Italy): characterization and impact on pedodiversity

Four representative soils located in areas of the Rio Sitzerri floodplain (Sardinia, Italy), which were flooded and covered by materials coming from the metalliferous mine of Montevecchio, were studied to define the total content and the geochemical forms of heavy metals and to discuss their impact on pedodiversity. The significance of heavy metal concentrations in the contaminated soils was assessed by the comparison with data coming from three selected reference soils representative for non-contaminated areas. Most soils are deep or very deep and consist of a sequence resulting from different sedimentary cycles. The soils located in areas that were flooded and covered by materials coming from the Mine are characterised by the presence of buried horizons and are mainly contaminated by Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd and, to some extent, by Cr and Cu. The sequential extractions indicated the presence of reactive forms in all the soils and for all contaminating metals, whose mobility risk is increased by the generally very strongly acid to slightly acid soil reaction values. As regards pedodiversity, the heavy metal contamination clearly influenced quantity, quality and function of the soils. The morphological diversity of pedons, the taxonomic and functional pedodiversity and the soilscape pattern were all strongly affected, causing irreparable damage to the local economy and to the environment. This study highlights the need for the planning of remediation actions focused on the correct disposal and management of the mining residues at Montevecchio and can contribute in a significant way to set future environmental regulations