Use of by-products rich in carbon and nitrogen as a nutrient source to produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) -based biopesticide.

The amount and sources of carbon and nitrogen used to produce Bacillus thuringiensis(Berliner)-based biopesticide may in fluence the quality of the final product. The objective of this research was to test different levels of carbon and nitrogen: medium 1 - 1.5% maize glucose + 0.5% soy flour, medium 2 - 3.0% maize glucose + 1.0% soy flour, medium 3 - 1.0% maize glucose + 3.0% soy flour and medium 4 - Luria Bertani (LB) + salts (FeSO4, ZnSO4, MnSO4, MgSO4). The seed culture was produced in LB medium plus salt, under agitation (200 rpm) for 18h at 30oC. The strain 344 of Bt was used (B. thuringiensis var tolworthi ? belonging to the Embrapa ?s Bt Bank). The pH was measured at regular intervals. and After culturing for 96h, the pH of the four tested media was basified (6.91 and 8.15), the number of spores yielded 4.39 x 109 spores/ml in medium 3, where the amount of protein is high. The dry biomass weight accumulated in media 3 was 39.3 g/l. Mortality of 2-day-old larvae Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) was 100% when using Bt produced in media 3 and 4. CL50 for medium 3 was 8.4 x 106 spores/ml. All tested media were satisfactory to Bt growth, and medium 3 wass the most promising to be used on a large scale Bt-based biopesticide production. A quantidade de carbono e nitrogênio usados para produzir biopesticidas à base de Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) pode influenciar a qualidade final do produto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar meios com diferentes níveis de carbono e nitrogênio: meio 1 - glicose de milho a 1.5% + farinha de soja a 0,5%, meio 2 - glicose de milho a 3,0% + farinha de soja a 1,0%, meio 3 - glicose de milho a 1,0% + farinha de soja a 3,0% e meio 4 - Luria Bertani (LB) + sais (FeSO4, ZnSO4, MnSO4 e MgSO4). O inóculo semente foi produzido usando 150 ml de meio LB mais sais incubados por 18h a 30oC, sob agitação de 200 rpm. A cepa utilizada foi 344 (B. thuringiensis var tolworthi ? pertencente ao Banco de Microorganismos da Embrapa). O pH foi medido a intervalos regulares. Após 96h de cultivo, o pH de todos os meios testados tenderam ao básico (entre 6,91 e 8,15), o maior número de esporos foi de 4,39 x 109 sporos/ml no meio 3, onde o teor de proteína usado foi o mais alto. A produção de massa celular foi maior no meio 3, com total acumulado de 39,3 g/l. A mortalidade de larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) de dois dias de idade nos meios 3 e 4 foi de 100%. A CL50 para o meio 3 foi de 8,4 x 106 esporos/ml. Os meios alternativos usados promoveram crescimento satisfatório de Bt, sendo o meio 3 o mais promissor para ser usado na produção de biopesticida à base de Bt

The mixed capacitated arc routing problem with non-overlapping routes

Real world applications for vehicle collection or delivery along streets usually lead to arc routing problems, with additional and complicating constraints. In this paper we focus on arc routing with an additional constraint to identify vehicle service routes with a limited number of shared nodes, i.e. vehicle service routes with a limited number of intersections. This constraint leads to solutions that are better shaped for real application purposes. We propose a new problem, the bounded overlapping MCARP (BCARP), which is defined as the mixed capacitated arc routing problem (MCARP) with an additional constraint imposing an upper bound on the number of nodes that are common to different routes. The best feasible upper bound is obtained from a modified MCARP in which the minimization criteria is given by the overlapping of the routes. We show how to compute this bound by solving a simpler problem. To obtain feasible solutions for the bigger instances of the KARP heuristics are also proposed. Computational results taken from two well known instance sets show that, with only a small increase in total time traveled, the model BCARP produces solutions that are more attractive to implement in practice than those produced by the MCARP modelinfo:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersio

Desenvolvimento de catalisadores magnéticos para despoluição de água contaminadas com pesticidas.

bitstream/CNPDIA-2009-09/11027/1/CiT39_2007.pd

A case report

Benign transient hyperphosphatasemia of infancy and early childhood is a self-limiting condition characte-rized by transiently increased serum alkaline phosphatase in the absence of liver, kidney or metabolic bone diseases. It is often accidentally found in children under five years old and it might be associated with a variety of underlying clinical disorders. Its pathophysiology remains unclear. Herein, we report a case of a 4-year-old girl with a 1-year history of persistent oligoarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, who was found to have transient hyperphosphatasemia during a periodic check-up. This clinical case underlines the importance of promptly recognizing this benign condition, which avoids unnecessary extensive investigations.publishersversionpublishe

Produção e distribuição sazonal de litter em áreas de caatinga sob diferentes manejos.

Resumo: O litter compreende restos vegetais e animais. Sua presença confere proteção ao solo evitando o efeito negativo das enxurradas, mantendo a temperatura e estrutura do solo. Este trabalho objetivou quantificar a produção e distribuição de litter em áreas de caatinga raleada e não manipulada. Três áreas foram utilizadas: raleada para fins pastoris, raleada para fins apícolas e não manipulada. A produção foi obtida a partir do lançamento de molduras e 1,0x0,25m em diferentes épocas do ano de 2012. O litter foi fracionado manualmente em seus componentes e determinados suas proporções da massa total. A área não manipulada apresentou maior produção de litter, 5.714,35 Kg/ha enquanto a área de Caatinga raleada para fins apícolas a menor produção, 3.921,21 Kg/ha. A miscelânea foi a fração do litter que apresentou maior representatividade chegando a responder por 50% de toda a produção. A produção de litter de uma área nativa pode ser semelhante a uma área raleada. A produção tem relação direta com a precipitação. Esta mostrou sazonalidade na produção total, contrariando suas frações que mantiveram-se equilibrados durante todo o ano. [Seasonal production and distribution of litter in different areas under caatinga managements]. Abstract: The litter includes plant and animal remains. Its presence confers protection to the ground avoiding the negative effect of floods, keeping the temperature and soil structure. This study aimed to quantify the production and distribution of litter in areas of thinned caatinga and not manipulated. Three areas were used for grazing purposes thinned, thinned for apiculture and not manipulated. The production was obtained from the launch of frames and 1.0 x0, 25m at different times of the year 2012. The litter was manually fractionated into its components, and certain proportions of their total mass. The area had not manipulated greater production of litter, 5714.35 kg / ha while the area of Caatinga thinned for apiculture lower production, 3921.21 kg / ha. The smorgasbord was the fraction of the litter with the highest representation coming to account for 50% of all production. The production of litter from an area native can be similar to a thinned area. The production is directly related to precipitation. The total production of litter showed seasonality, contradicting its fractions which remained balanced throughout the year

Uso do orçamento forrageiro em abordagem participativa para produção de caprinos no bioma caatinga.

Resumo: O uso do orçamento forrageiro (OF) com enfoque participativo visa envolver agricultores no processo de construção de técnicas que possam ser facilmente utilizadas para o manejo sustentável dos recursos naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar OF como instrumento para planejamento do rebanho caprino. A experiência foi conduzida em área individual de 11ha, em assentamento no sertão do Apodi (RN). A área foi composta por cultivo de algodão agroecológico, sistema agrossilvipastoril e pasto nativo. O rebanho foi de vinte animais. OF foi realizado em três etapas: levantamento da produção de massa seca total de forragem disponível, avaliação do efetivo animal e planejamento. As informações do levantamento determinaram o tempo máximo de uso da área para manter as metas de ganho de peso para cabritos e manutenção de peso dos adultos. As práticas agroecológicas aumentaram a oferta de forragem. Houve manutenção do peso das cabras e ganhos de peso nas novilhas. Os cabritos ganharam peso de forma linear. O monitoramento permitiu confirmar que a ferramenta do orçamento forrageiro foi efetiva em auxiliar no planejamento zootécnico do rebanho no semiárido. [Forage budget on participatory approach to goat production in caatinga biome]. Abstract: Forage budget (FB) using participatory approach had been used to include smallholders in technology generation process and improving transfer technology for others. This research was carried out to test FB as a tool to make a planning for goat production system in Brazilian semi arid land. In an individual settlement area about 11 ha was implemented it. There were agroecological cotton system, agrossilvipastoral and native vegetation there. There were 20 animal in the area. FB was implemented in three phases: quantification of forage biomass total and available, herd evaluation and planning. It was determinate a maximum time to keep animal in the land using information from planning that preview as goal keep weight in goats and gain weight in kids. Ecological practices improved amount of forage. There was possible keep weight in goats. Young goats had gained weight. All kids gained weight during experimental period. Monitoring zootechnical aspects were effective to ensure forage budget like a good tool to help smallholders in sustainable planning use natural resources