Metodologia para caracterização dos processos construtivos e das patologias de edificações históricas: estudo de caso em Ouro Preto-MG

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, Florianópolis, 2010A cidade de Ouro Preto é famosa pela sua arquitetura colonial. Nela está o maior conjunto barroco do mundo. Uma cidade setecentista em pleno século XXI. Isto foi um dos fatores principais para a UNESCO declarar como Patrimônio Cultural da Humanidade a cidade de Ouro Preto em 1980. A preservação dos processos construtivos do casario antigo é importantíssima para a manutenção deste título. Porém, intervenções inadequadas nestes casarios, com introdução de novos elementos construtivos, sem o conhecimento prévio das características construtivas dos materiais constituintes das edificações, tem causado impacto negativo ao patrimônio tombado. Este trabalho visou propor uma metodologia para se caracterizar os processos construtivos empregados em edificações históricas, definindo quais os materiais e quais as técnicas foram empregadas nestas construções, possibilitando a definição de diretrizes para que projetistas e construtores sejam capazes de reproduzir fielmente os processos e as técnicas empregados nas edificações que necessitam de alguma intervenção física, sem descaracterizar o Patrimônio Histórico. A partir daí, fornecer subsídios para que as intervenções nos imóveis sejam compatíveis com sua importância histórica. Ele é embasado em caracterizações dos processos construtivos já realizados por vários pesquisadores. Foram selecionadas três edificações de valor histórico, todas construídas há mais de cem anos. De todas, foram feitos os levantamentos arquitetônicos necessários, os registros fotográficos dos pontos de maior relevância, a identificação dos materiais construtivos, sendo que poucos foram os pontos que necessitaram de prospecção. Para os levantamentos iniciais, foram criados dois modelos de fichas cadastrais, uma com informações básicas do imóvel e outra com informação sobre os danos aparentes. Também foi elaborada uma tabela com os elementos construtivos e os respectivos ensaios a serem submetidos e as fontes bibliográficas para tal. Estas fichas e tabelas, além dos levantamentos arquitetônicos e fotográficos, facilitam o planejamento das intervenções necessárias e a definição dos materiais a serem empregados nas reformas e restauros.The city of Ouro Preto is famous for its colonial architecture. It is the largest collection of Baroque style in the world. An eighteenth century city in a XXI century world. This was a major factor for UNESCO to declare Ouro Preto as a World Cultural Heritage city in 1980. The conservation of the constructive processes of old houses is very important for the maintenance of this title. However, inadequate interventions in these houses, with the introduction of new construction elements, without prior knowledge of the constructive characteristics of the constituent materials of the buildings has caused negative impact to the heritage protected. This work aims to propose a methodology to characterize the processes of construction employed in historic buildings, defining which materials and which techniques were employed in these constructions, making possible the definition of guidelines so that designers and builders are able to faithfully reproduce the processes and techniques employed in buildings that require some physical intervention, without spoiling the Heritage of these buildings. Since then, provide support for interventions in buildings that are compatible with its historical importance. He is grounded in characterizations of the construction process already undertaken by several researchers. Three buildings of historical value, all built more than hundred years ago were selected. All were made necessary architectural surveys, photographic records of items of greater relevance, identification of construction materials, and few were the points that needed a deeper research. For initial surveys, two models of registration forms were created, one with basic information about the property and the other with information about the apparent damage. Also a table was drawn up with the building blocks and their essays to be submitted and bibliographic sources for this. These files and tables, besides the architectural and photographic surveys, facilitate the planning of interventions required and the definition of materials to be used for reform and restoration of these buildings

La espiritualidaden la condición pos-moderna: el desafío para una nueva mirada

The text seeks to understand current demands suffered by Methodism, raised by the post-modern condition, reason and the meaning of the strengthening of spiritual revival movements.  O texto tenta compreender as atuais demandas sofridas pelo metodismo, suscitadas pela condição pós-moderna, razão e sentido do fortalecimento dos movimentos de avivamento espiritual.  El texto busca comprender las actuales demandas sufridas por el metodismo, suscitadas por la condición pos-moderna, razón y sentido del fortalecimiento de los movimientos de avivamiento espiritual.

Polyphasic identification of Aspergillus section Nigri preserved under mineral oil at URM culture collection

[Excerpt] The species of Aspergillus section Nigri are isolated from different environments. However, úe main habitat of úese species is the soil. According Samson et al. (2007) there are 19 species of Aspergil/zs section Nigri accepted. The species must be delineated based on a polyphasic approach, including morphology, physiology, profile of secondary metabolites and molecular biology (Samson and Varga,2009). Additionally, according to Santos et al. (2010a,2010b) it is clearer that spectral analyses add value to the polyphasic approach. It generates quahty data which are accurate and useful when some of the methods described above presented limitations. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorptiorúonisation Time-Of-Flight Intact Cell Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF ICMS) is a spectral technique that analyses the chemical cellular composition of microorganisms providing rapid and discriminatory fingerprints for identification

O fluxo de estrangeiros para o Brasil em fins do Novecentos

This paper presents the main results of a research on recent immigration to Brazil whose objectives were surveying the sources of data, discussing the quality of information available and outlining the profiles of the immigrant population in the end of the last century. The data banks examined, although not necessarily built up to keep track of the influx of immigrants to Brazil, allowed us to trace the characteristics of the stock of foreigners resident in Brazil as well as those of the flow ofimmigrants recently arrived. We observed population movements related to the privatization process and sales of national companies to foreign capital, e.g., Spanish, as well as movements of economically excluded people, such as Bolivians, struggling to survive. Both movements clearly represent the two faces of the same coin, and together reflect the characteristics of modern capitalism

Pectinolytic activity of Aspergillus section Nigri strains

Pectinases are a heterogeneous group of related enzymes that hydrolyze pectic substances present mostly in plants. Pectinases are produced by plants, fungi, yeasts and bacteria. Filamentous fungi are good producers of pectinolytic enzymes (e.g., exopolygalacturonase (exo-PG) and endopolygalacturonase (endo-PG) and Aspergillus niger is the most commonly used fungal species for industrial production of pectinolytic enzymes. The application of pectinolytic enzymes plays an important role in food technology. In juice production, these enzymes have been used to improve the yield, decrease the viscosity, clarify the juices and make them more stable. In this context, the concept of using filamentous fungi and row and cheaper materials for pectinase production is an important parameter in technological development. In the present study a microplate method was developed for a rapid screening of Aspergillus strains. Fifty-tree strains of Aspergillus section Nigri obtained from the University of Recife Mycology (URM) culture collection and 8 of the Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM) culture collection were used. Orange peel was the unique carbon source in the composition of the culture medium. The samples were incubated at 25 ºC for 120 h. After 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h the exo-PG and endo-PG were assessed using absorbance colorimetric and decrease in viscosity methods, respectively. The utilization of orange peel allowed the detection of exo-PG and endo-PG activity for all strains studied. The maximum exo-PG and endo-PG activity was obtained by strain URM5162 to the values 4.37 U and 2.13 U, respectively. This method and substrate may be useful to reduce the time for selecting promising strains and in reducing the enzyme production costs. The strain is now being used in a bioreactor and the enzymes and their mechanisms are also under further investigation

Production of polygalacturonases by aspergillus section Nigri strains in a fixed bed reactor

Polygalacturonases (PG) are pectinolytic enzymes that have technological, functional and biological applications in food processing, fruit ripening and plant-fungus interactions, respectively. In the present, study a microtitre plate methodology was used for rapid screening of 61 isolates of fungi from Aspergillus section Nigri to assess production of endo- and exo-PG. Studies of scale-up were carried out in a fixed bed reactor operated under different parameters using the best producer strain immobilised in orange peels. Four experiments were conducted under the following conditions: the immobilised cells without aeration; immobilised cells with aeration; immobilised cells with aeration and added pectin; and free cells with aeration. The fermentation was performed for 168 h with removal of sample every 24 h. Aspergillus niger strain URM 5162 showed the highest PG production. The results obtained indicated that the maximum endo- and exo-PG activities (1.18 U·mL-1 and 4.11 U·mL-1, respectively) were obtained when the reactor was operating without aeration. The microtitre plate method is a simple way to screen fungal isolates for PG activity detection. The fixed bed reactor with orange peel support and using A. niger URM 5162 is a promising process for PG production at the industrial level.M.H.C. Maciel thanks to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazil) and Erasmus Mundus External Cooperation Window Lote 17

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Polyphasic approach including MALDI-TOF MS/MS analysis for identification and characterisation of Fusarium verticillioides in Brazilian corn kernels

Fusarium verticillioides is considered one of the most important global sources of fumonisin contamination in food and feed. Corn is one of the main commodities produced in the Northeastern Region of Brazil. The present study investigated potential mycotoxigenic fungal strains belonging to the F. verticillioides species isolated from corn kernels in 3 different Regions of the Brazilian State of Pernambuco. A polyphasic approach including classical taxonomy, molecular biology, MALDI-TOF MS and MALDI-TOF MS/MS for the identification and characterisation of the F. verticillioides strains was used. Sixty F. verticillioides strains were isolated and successfully identified by classical morphology, proteomic profiles of MALDI-TOF MS, and by molecular biology using the species-specific primers VERT-1 and VERT-2. FUM1 gene was further detected for all the 60 F. verticillioides by using the primers VERTF-1 and VERTF-2 and through the amplification profiles of the ISSR regions using the primers (GTG)5 and (GACA)4. Results obtained from molecular analysis shown a low genetic variability among these isolates from the different geographical regions. All of the 60 F. verticillioides isolates assessed by MALDI-TOF MS/MS presented ion peaks with the molecular mass of the fumonisin B1 (721.83 g/mol) and B2 (705.83 g/mol)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior-CAPES/Brazil for the Financial Suppor

Crítica pós-colonial: panorama de leituras contemporâneas. Miglievich-Ribeiro A, Toller H, Almeida J, organizadores. Rio de Janeiro: 7 Letras; 2013. 404 p. ISBN: 978-85-421-0114-0

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