Kewajiban Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) oleh Korporasi yang Berimplikasi Tindak Pidana Korupsi

Hakekat CSR adalah komitmen korporasi untuk berperan serta dalam pembangunan ekonomi berkelanjutan dengan menyumbangkan sebagian keuntungannya guna meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan dan lingkungan yang bermanfaat, baik bagi korporasi maupun masyarakat pada umumnya. CSR tidak hanya sekadar aktivitas kedermawanan (charity) atau aktivitas saling mengasihi (stewardship) yang bersifat sukarela, namun dalam perkembangannya di Indonesia menjadi suatu kewajiban korporasi sebagaimana tertuang UU Perseroan Terbatas. Dalam penyaluran CSR dilakukan secara bervariasi oleh korporasi, ada yang dilaksanakan langsung oleh korporasi, namun juga terkadang korporasi bermitra dengan pihak lain, seperti pemerintah daerah. Dalam praktiknya, prosedur penyaluran bantuan CSR oleh pemerintah daerah dilakukan dengan cara berbeda yaitu dengan tanpa mekanisme APBD (penyaluran langsung) dan penyaluran melalui mekanisme APBD. Bilamana CSR tersebut dalam penyaluran dan pengelolaannya terjadi suatu penyimpangan hukum seperti perbuatan melawan hukum atau penyalahgunaan wewenang yang berdampak pada terjadinya kerugian Negara atau daerah maka perbuatan tersebut dapat dikategorikan sebagai tindak pidana korupsi. Jika terjadi pelanggaran hukum dalam penyaluran dan pengelolaan CSR korporasi secara langsung tanpa melalui mekanisme APBD, maka implikasi hukumnya terbagi dua macam yaitu; perbuatan melanggar hukum yang masuk dalam wilayah hukum perdata dan tindak pidana umum yang masuk wilayah hukum pidana

Impact of Time-Varying Treatment Exposures on the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) has one of the highest risks of venous thromboembolism (VTE) of all cancers due to pathologic changes and treatment-related exposures. This study assessed the one-year incidence of VTE in newly diagnosed MM and to determine the baseline and time-varying treatment-related factors associated with VTE risk in a U.S.-based cohort. MM patients were identified and age, gender, and baseline comorbidities were determined. Treatment-related exposures included thalidomide derivatives (IMIDs), proteasome inhibitors, cytotoxic chemotherapy, steroids, erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs), stem cell transplants (SCT), hospitalizations, infection, and central venous catheters (CVC). Multiple statistical models were used including a baseline competing risks model, a time-varying exposure Cox proportional hazard (CPH) model, and a case-time-control analysis. The overall incidence of VTE was 107.2 per 1000 person-years with one-half of the VTEs occurring in the first 90 days. The baseline model showed that increasing age, heart failure, and hypertension were associated with one-year incidence of VTE. MM-specific IMID treatment had lower than expected associations with VTE based on prior literature. Instead, exposure to ESAs, SCT, CVC, and infection had higher associations. Based on these results, VTE risk in MM may be less straightforward than considering only chemotherapy exposures, and other treatment-related exposures should be considered to determine patient risk

Perencanaan Jalur Ganda Kereta Api Koridor Semarang Bojonegoro Ruas Semarang Tawang – Ngrombo

Along with the increasing demand and growth of population, the more necessary a good transportation to smooth traffic flow. Especially KA demands will increase service capacity, speed, and safety and comfort, it is necessary to thinking or planning that address these issues, including the improvement of facilities and infrastructure such as the construction of double track Railway network. In this case only a segment of Semarang Tawang Railway track-Ngrombo are supposed to represent the path Bojonegoro Semarang. Stages of the methodology used in the planning stage consists of the problem formulation, literature review, data collection, data analysis, planning, RAB and the final stage. The change capacity plans that will be served by this pathway, leading to the condition of the existing track alignment and structure must be adapted to the requirements for Class I. path Based on the soil conditions on the project which is unstable and track existing conditions that are often submerged rob the new double track line is designed with a higher elevation than the existing track conditions. From the analysis it can be seen that almost all double track line has a condition that is much different from the existing track in terms of structural, alignment and land protection. Calculation results obtained from this project spent Rp 457.000.000.000,00 to build the new track

THE QUALITY OF THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT IN FISH PONDS

In our country, the most widespread growth system is the semi-intensive one with growth units represented by ponds (anthropogenic ecosystems). The semi-intensive fish culture is based on the natural productivity and / or enriched by fertilization of the anthropogenic ecosystems, respectively also on the administration of supplementary food. In fact, semi-intensive cultivation involves obtaining a fish biomass with low production costs due to the use of inexpensive inputs. The productionprofile and the way of obtaining it determine the structure and duration oftheexploitation cycle within a fish farm

Perencanaan Jalan Lingkar Utara Kota Wonosari, Kabupaten Gunung Kidul, Provinsi Daerah Istimewa YOGYAKARTA

Economic development and growth in the City Wonosari relatively fast growing, giving rise to the high mobility of the impact on the increase in traffic flow, traffic volume and road network system. One effort to do that with the planned construction of the North Ring Road City Wonosari able to support the creation of a transportation system that is effective, efficient, provide smooth transport, and increasing the role and function of national roads which have an important role in the conduct of regional transport flows in the Province Central Java. From the analysis of the northern ring road planning Wonosari City in accordance with the volume of traffic survey determined the number of lanes is 2/2 UD. From the calculation of the northern ring road planning Wonosari City, at the intersection specified the use of rigid pavement while traffic along the ring road north of the City Wonosari using flexible pavements

How Well Can We Assess the Validity of Non-Randomised Studies of Medications? A Systematic Review of Assessment Tools

Objective To determine whether assessment tools for non-randomised studies (NRS) address critical elements that influence the validity of NRS findings for comparative safety and effectiveness of medications. Design Systematic review and Delphi survey. Data sources We searched PubMed, Embase, Google, bibliographies of reviews and websites of influential organisations from inception to November 2019. In parallel, we conducted a Delphi survey among the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology Comparative Effectiveness Research Special Interest Group to identify key methodological challenges for NRS of medications. We created a framework consisting of the reported methodological challenges to evaluate the selected NRS tools. Study selection Checklists or scales assessing NRS. Data extraction Two reviewers extracted general information and content data related to the prespecified framework. Results Of 44 tools reviewed, 48% (n=21) assess multiple NRS designs, while other tools specifically addressed case–control (n=12, 27%) or cohort studies (n=11, 25%) only. Response rate to the Delphi survey was 73% (35 out of 48 content experts), and a consensus was reached in only two rounds. Most tools evaluated methods for selecting study participants (n=43, 98%), although only one addressed selection bias due to depletion of susceptibles (2%). Many tools addressed the measurement of exposure and outcome (n=40, 91%), and measurement and control for confounders (n=40, 91%). Most tools have at least one item/question on design-specific sources of bias (n=40, 91%), but only a few investigate reverse causation (n=8, 18%), detection bias (n=4, 9%), time-related bias (n=3, 7%), lack of new-user design (n=2, 5%) or active comparator design (n=0). Few tools address the appropriateness of statistical analyses (n=15, 34%), methods for assessing internal (n=15, 34%) or external validity (n=11, 25%) and statistical uncertainty in the findings (n=21, 48%). None of the reviewed tools investigated all the methodological domains and subdomains. Conclusions The acknowledgement of major design-specific sources of bias (eg, lack of new-user design, lack of active comparator design, time-related bias, depletion of susceptibles, reverse causation) and statistical assessment of internal and external validity is currently not sufficiently addressed in most of the existing tools. These critical elements should be integrated to systematically investigate the validity of NRS on comparative safety and effectiveness of medications

Meditation-based interventions for family caregivers of people with dementia: a review of the empirical literature

Objectives: Providing care for a family member with dementia is associated with increased risk of adverse mental health sequelae. Recently, interventions utilising meditation-based techniques have been developed with the aim of reducing psychological distress among dementia caregivers. The present review aimed to critically evaluate the extant empirical literature in order to determine: (1) whether meditation-based interventions can reduce depression among dementia caregivers and (2) whether meditation-based interventions can reduce subjective burden among dementia caregivers. Method: After adhering to inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of eight studies were included in the present review. Methodological quality was assessed using one of two scales dependent on study design. Results: The results provide tentative evidence that meditation-based interventions do indeed improve levels of depression and burden in family dementia caregivers. Conclusions: The review highlighted the strengths and weakness of the studies’ methodological designs. Whilst this novel review offers evidence in support of meditation-based interventions to improve the psychological distress of family dementia caregivers, future research should direct efforts to conduct larger scale, more rigorous studies. Clinical implications of the findings are also discussed

A single oral dose of citalopram increases interoceptive insight in healthy volunteers

Rationale Interoception is the signalling, perception, and interpretation of internal physiological states. Many mental disorders associated with changes of interoception, including depressive and anxiety disorders, are treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). However, the causative link between SSRIs and interoception is not yet clear. Objectives To ascertain the causal effect of acute changes of serotonin levels on cardiac interoception. Methods Using a within-participant placebo-controlled design, forty-seven healthy human volunteers (31 female, 16 male) were tested on and off a 20 mg oral dose of the commonly prescribed SSRI, citalopram. Participants made judgements on the synchrony between their heartbeat and auditory tones and then expressed confidence in each judgement. We measured three types of interoceptive cognition. Results Citalopram increased cardiac interoceptive insight, measured as correspondence of self-reported confidence to the likelihood that interoceptive judgements were actually correct. This effect was driven by enhanced confidence for correct interoceptive judgements and was independent of measured cardiac and reported subjective effects of the drug. Conclusions An acute change of serotonin levels can increase insight into the reliability of inferences made from cardiac interoceptive sensations

Interventions to improve therapeutic communications between Black and minority ethnic patients and professionals in psychiatric services: systematic review

Background: Communication may be an influential determinant of inequality of access to, engagement with and benefit from psychiatric services. Aims: To review the evidence on interventions designed to improve therapeutic communications between Black and minority ethnic patients and clinicians who provide care in psychiatric services. Method: Systematic review and evidence synthesis (PROSPERO registration: CRD42011001661). Data sources included the published and the ‘grey’ literature. A survey of experts and a consultation with patients and carers all contributed to the evidence synthesis, interpretation and recommendations. Results: Twenty-one studies were included in our analysis. The trials showed benefits mainly for depressive symptoms, experiences of care, knowledge, stigma, adherence to prescribed medication, insight and alliance. The effect sizes were smaller for better-quality trials (range of d 0.18–0.75) than for moderate- or lower-quality studies (range of d 0.18–4.3). The review found only two studies offering weak economic evidence. Conclusions: Culturally adapted psychotherapies, and ethnographic and motivational assessment leading to psychotherapies were effective and favoured by patients and carers. Further trials are needed from outside of the UK and USA, as are economic evaluations and studies of routine psychiatric care practices