Maximum Production Of Transmission Messages Rate For Service Discovery Protocols

Minimizing the number of dropped User Datagram Protocol (UDP) messages in a network is regarded as a challenge by researchers. This issue represents serious problems for many protocols particularly those that depend on sending messages as part of their strategy, such us service discovery protocols. This paper proposes and evaluates an algorithm to predict the minimum period of time required between two or more consecutive messages and suggests the minimum queue sizes for the routers, to manage the traffic and minimise the number of dropped messages that has been caused by either congestion or queue overflow or both together. The algorithm has been applied to the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) protocol using ns2 simulator. It was tested when the routers were connected in two configurations; as a centralized and de centralized. The message length and bandwidth of the links among the routers were taken in the consideration. The result shows Better improvement in number of dropped messages `among the routers

Design and Measurements of a Five Independent Band Patch Antenna for Different Wireless Applications

This paper presents the design of a compact microstrip patch antenna with the ability of controlling the number of bands and the operating frequencies independently. Numerical equations are derived using a curve fitting technique to obtain the centre frequency of each band. The antenna comprises a main patch and four sub-patches fed by a 50 microstrip line. It is designed to generate up to five separate modes to cover the frequency range from 900MHz to 3GHz for the operation of wireless devices supporting multiple standards including Global System for Mobile communication (GSM900, 880-960 MHz), Digital Communication System (DCS1800, 1710-1880 MHz), Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS, 1920-2170 MHz), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN, 2400-2483.5 MHz) and low band Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX, 2.5 to 2.8 GHz).NPL SMART chamber were supported by the Measurements for Innovators (MFI) program and the National Measurement Office, an Executive Agency of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skill

Egg shape changes at the theropod–bird transition, and a morphometric study of amniote eggs

The eggs of amniotes exhibit a remarkable variety of shapes, from spherical to elongate and from symmetrical to asymmetrical. We examine eggshell geometry in a diverse sample of fossil and living amniotes using geometric morphometrics and linear measurements. Our goal is to quantify patterns of morphospace occupation and shape variation in the eggs of recent through to Mesozoic birds (neornithe plus non-neornithe avialans), as well as in eggs attributed to non-avialan theropods. In most amniotes, eggs show significant deviation from sphericity, but departure from symmetry around the equatorial axis is mostly confined to theropods and birds. Mesozoic bird eggs differ significantly from extant bird eggs, but extinct Cenozoic bird eggs do not. This suggests that the range of egg shapes in extant birds had already been attained in the Cenozoic. We conclude with a discussion of possible biological factors imparting variation to egg shapes during their formation in the oviduct

Flowering phenology in a species-rich temperate grassland is sensitive to warming but not elevated CO2

Flowering is a critical stage in plant life cycles, and changes might alter processes at the species, community and ecosystem levels. Therefore likely flowering-time responses to global change drivers are needed for predictions of global change impacts on natural and managed ecosystems. Here we report the impact of elevated [CO2] (550 mol mol-1) and warming (+2ºC) on flowering times in a native, species-rich, temperate grassland in Tasmania, Australia in both 2004 and 2005. Elevated [CO2] did not affect average time of first flowering in either year, only affecting 3 out of 23 species. Warming reduced time to first flowering by an average of 19.1 days in 2004, acting on most species, but did not significantly alter flowering time in 2005, which might be related to the timing of rainfall. Elevated [CO2] and warming treatments did not interact on flowering time. These results show elevated [CO2] did not alter average flowering time or duration in this grassland, nor did it alter the response to warming. Therefore, flowering phenology appears insensitive to increasing [CO2] in this ecosystem although the response to warming varies between years but can be strong

Information-Centric Multilayer Networking: Improving Performance Through an ICN/WDM Architecture

Information-centric networking (ICN) facilitates content identification in networks and offers parametric representation of content semantics. This paper proposes an ICN/WDM network architecture that uses these features to offer superior network utilization, in terms of performance and power consumption. The architecture introduces an ICN publish/subscribe communication approach to the wavelength layer, whereby content is aggregated according to its popularity rank into wavelength-size groups that can be published and subscribed to by multiple nodes. Consequently, routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithms benefit from anycast to identify multiple sources of aggregate content and allow optimization of the source selection of light paths. A power-aware algorithm, maximum degree of connectivity, has been developed with the objective of exploiting this flexibility to address the tradeoff between power consumption and network performance. The algorithm is also applicable to IP architectures, albeit with less flexibility. Evaluation results indicate the superiority of the proposed ICN architecture, even when utilizing conventional routing methods, compared with its IP counterpart. The results further highlight the performance improvement achieved by the proposed algorithm, compared with the conventional RWA methods, such as shortest-path first fit

Surface ozone variability in the urban and nearby rural locations of tropical India

Surface ozone variability at Pune (an urban location) and nearby rural locations has been studied using KI solution chemical method. The measurement showed well-marked diurnal cycle of ozone concentration with minimum at sunrise and maximum at noon hours. Simultaneous measurements of humidity and temperature along with ozone suggest that the ozone concentration is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to humidity. The averaged diurnal variation of ozone during different months and two seasons, viz. winter and spring show high ozone concentration over the rural locations than the urban location. Higher ozone concentration at the rural locations may be due to slower titration of ozone by nitric oxide in the evening hours

HP1 reshapes nucleosome core to promote phase separation of heterochromatin

Heterochromatin affects genome function at many levels. It enables heritable gene repression, maintains chromosome integrity and provides mechanical rigidity to the nucleus1,2. These diverse functions are proposed to arise in part from compaction of the underlying chromatin2. A major type of heterochromatin contains at its core the complex formed between HP1 proteins and chromatin that is methylated on histone H3, lysine 9 (H3K9me). HP1 is proposed to use oligomerization to compact chromatin into phase-separated condensates3-6. Yet, how HP1-mediated phase separation relates to chromatin compaction remains unclear. Here we show that chromatin compaction by the Schizosaccharomyces pombe HP1 protein Swi6 results in phase-separated liquid condensates. Unexpectedly, we find that Swi6 substantially increases the accessibility and dynamics of buried histone residues within a nucleosome. Restraining these dynamics impairs compaction of chromatin into liquid droplets by Swi6. Our results indicate that Swi6 couples its oligomerization to the phase separation of chromatin by a counterintuitive mechanism, namely the dynamic exposure of buried nucleosomal regions. We propose that such reshaping of the octamer core by Swi6 increases opportunities for multivalent interactions between nucleosomes, thereby promoting phase separation. This mechanism may more generally drive chromatin organization beyond heterochromatin