FRUIT GROWING IN ROMANIA IN THE 20TH CENTURY

In Romania, fruit growing has an old and rich tradition. During the 20th century, the Romanian fruit growing witnessed dramatic changes. The acreage grown with fruit trees was 340,100 ha in 1927, 184,200 ha in 1950, 428,400 ha in 1970 and 239,900 ha in 1999. Total fruit yield varied during this period of time between 401,100 tons in 1950 and 2,183,000 tons in 1993. In spite of the fact that in 1993 was produced the highest total fruit yield, the average fruit consumption/capita was only of 35.7 kg which is significantly lower than that considered optimal for adult people in temperate zones (62 kg/capita). The main reason of this situation is the poor varietal structure of fruits in which plum trees represented more than 40% of all the fruit trees grown. Another reason would be the low yields/ha registered in all species and cultivars of fruit trees grown in Romania in the last 30-40 years. With a very serious shrink of acreages grown with fruit trees in 1999, the average consumption/capita is expected to become totally unfavorable. There are not many solutions to this problems and one of them certainly means the significant increase of average yields in all fruit species grown in Romania, at least to the level of those achieved in industrial orchards of Western Europe

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF THERMOELECTRIC PLANT OF COMBINED CYCLES AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The impact any power plant has upon the environment must be minimized as much as possible. Due to its high efficiency, low emission levels and low cooling requirements, combined cycle plants are considered to be environmentally friendly. This study evaluates the effect of operational conditions on pollutants (CO, CO2, SOx, NOx) emissions levels, waste-heat and wastewater of a combined-cycle natural gas and steam power plant. The HYSYS process simulation was used for modelling and simulation. The study clearly shows that the absolute quantity of pollutants emitted is high. Also, it was possible to verify that the unit operate in the condition of minimal emissions regarding the maximum possible, and thus a reduction or elimination of such pollutants is not possible

FRUIT GROWING IN ROMANIA IN THE 20TH CENTURY

In Romania, fruit growing has an old and rich tradition. During the 20th century, the Romanian fruit growing witnessed dramatic changes. The acreage grown with fruit trees was 340,100 ha in 1927, 184,200 ha in 1950, 428,400 ha in 1970 and 239,900 ha in 1999. Total fruit yield varied during this period of time between 401,100 tons in 1950 and 2,183,000 tons in 1993. In spite of the fact that in 1993 was produced the highest total fruit yield, the average fruit consumption/capita was only of 35.7 kg which is significantly lower than that considered optimal for adult people in temperate zones (62 kg/capita). The main reason of this situation is the poor varietal structure of fruits in which plum trees represented more than 40% of all the fruit trees grown. Another reason would be the low yields/ha registered in all species and cultivars of fruit trees grown in Romania in the last 30-40 years. With a very serious shrink of acreages grown with fruit trees in 1999, the average consumption/capita is expected to become totally unfavorable. There are not many solutions to this problems and one of them certainly means the significant increase of average yields in all fruit species grown in Romania, at least to the level of those achieved in industrial orchards of Western Europe

Incidencia de Sida en España, por Comunidades Autónomas, enfermedades indicativas de referencia y por vía de transmisión y sexo (1981-1998)

Fundamentos: Analizar la velocidad de aparición de SIDA y su evolución a lo largo de los años en España, porComunidades Autónomas, enfermedades indicativas referidas y por vía de transmisión y sexo.Método: Estudio epidemiológico, longitudinal, descriptivo, de morbilidad por SIDA en España durante el periodo1981-1998. Se calcula la tasa de incidencia como indicador sanitario.Resultados: Desde la aparición de SIDA en España en 1981 la tasa de incidencia ha ido aumentando hasta alcanzaren 1994, valores de 183.6 casos por millón de habitantes. Las vías de transmisión más importantes son: adictosa drogas vía parenteral (59%), transmisión heterosexual (21%) y transmisión homosexual (12%).Conclusiones: La incidencia está disminuyendo en los últimos años, fundamentalmente debida a los avances en laterapia antirretroviral. Esta disminución se observa en todas las vías de transmisión. El mayor número de casosen hombres (79%) que en mujeres, se debe, sobretodo por la transmisión en relaciones homosexuales y al uso dedrogas por vía parenteral mayoritario en varones. No obstante, el porcentaje de mujeres está aumentando, debidoa que a partir de 1994 la segunda vía de transmisión pasa a ser las relaciones heterosexuales en lugar de lashomosexuales

Aids in Spain: Incidence by autonomous communities, transmission rules and sex (1981-1998)

Fundamentos: Analizar la velocidad de aparición de SIDA y su evolución a lo largo de los años en España, por Comunidades Autónomas, enfermedades indicativas referidas y por vía de transmisión y sexo. Método: Estudio epidemiológico, longitudinal, descriptivo, de morbilidad por SIDA en España durante el periodo 1981-1998. Se calcula la tasa de incidencia como indicador sanitario. Resultados: Desde la aparición de SIDA en España en 1981 la tasa de incidencia ha ido aumentando hasta alcanzar en 1994, valores de 183.6 casos por millón de habitantes. Las vías de transmisión más importantes son: adictos a drogas vía parenteral (59%), transmisión heterosexual (21%) y transmisión homosexual (12%). Conclusiones: La incidencia está disminuyendo en los últimos años, fundamentalmente debida a los avances en la terapia antirretroviral. Esta disminución se observa en todas las vías de transmisión. El mayor número de casos en hombres (79%) que en mujeres, se debe, sobretodo por la transmisión en relaciones homosexuales y al uso de drogas por vía parenteral mayoritario en varones. No obstante, el porcentaje de mujeres está aumentando, debido a que a partir de 1994 la segunda vía de transmisión pasa a ser las relaciones heterosexuales en lugar de las homosexuales.Background: To analyse incidence of AIDS in Spain, by Autonomous Communities, transmission rules and sex. Methods: Epidemiological study, descriptive, of morbidity by AIDS in Spain from 1981 to 1998. We calculate incidence rate like indicator sanitary of morbidity by AIDS. Results: Since AIDS appeared in Spain in 1981, incidence rate of AIDS in Spain has been increasing until 1994, value 183.6 cases per million of habitants. The rules of transmission more important are: parenteral in addicted to drugs (59%), heterosexual (21%) and homosexual (12%). Conclusions: Incidence has decreasing in the last years, because the new treatment of retroviral drugs. Men are most important infection (79%) than women; this is due to transmission homosexual and addicted to parenteral drugs that were more important in men. Since 1994 the second transmission rule is heterosexual transmission which is higher than homosexual

Enfermedades parasitarias de origen alimentario más frecuentes en España: incidencia y comparación con las de origen vírico y bacteriano

Las infecciones gastrointestinales son un problema clínico frecuente e infradiagnosticado. La población más susceptibleson los niños y ancianos. El mecanisno de transmisión fundamentalmente es indirecto, a través de los alimentosy el agua. La transmisión directa (fecal-oral) es muy común para el caso de los virus. La vigilancia epidemiológicade estas infecciones se efectúa en nuestro país mediante el Sistema de Información Microbiológica (SIM) y los brotesepidémicos. En el presente artículo se revisa y se compara la incidencia y la prevención de las infecciones gastroinestinalesentre los distintos microorganismos más frecuentes en España

The secreted triose phosphate isomerase of Brugia malayi is required to sustain microfilaria production in vivo

Human lymphatic filariasis is a major tropical disease transmitted through mosquito vectors which take up microfilarial larvae from the blood of infected subjects. Microfilariae are produced by long-lived adult parasites, which also release a suite of excretory-secretory products that have recently been subject to in-depth proteomic analysis. Surprisingly, the most abundant secreted protein of adult Brugia malayi is triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), a glycolytic enzyme usually associated with the cytosol. We now show that while TPI is a prominent target of the antibody response to infection, there is little antibody-mediated inhibition of catalytic activity by polyclonal sera. We generated a panel of twenty-three anti-TPI monoclonal antibodies and found only two were able to block TPI enzymatic activity. Immunisation of jirds with B. malayi TPI, or mice with the homologous protein from the rodent filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis, failed to induce neutralising antibodies or protective immunity. In contrast, passive transfer of neutralising monoclonal antibody to mice prior to implantation with adult B. malayi resulted in 60–70% reductions in microfilarial levels in vivo and both oocyte and microfilarial production by individual adult females. The loss of fecundity was accompanied by reduced IFNγ expression by CD4+ T cells and a higher proportion of macrophages at the site of infection. Thus, enzymatically active TPI plays an important role in the transmission cycle of B. malayi filarial parasites and is identified as a potential target for immunological and pharmacological intervention against filarial infections

Descifrando la blockchain

Actualmente se escuchan con frecuencia términos como blockchain, bitcoin, fintech, criptomonedas y muchos más, pero la mayoría de los ciudadanos siguen sin entender qué son y qué importancia tienen. Este artículo trata de ayudar a entenderlos mejor