254 research outputs found
Identification of the Early Fermi LAT Gamma-Ray Bright Objects with Extragalactic VLBI sources
A list of 205 gamma-ray strong objects was reported recently as a result of a
3-month integration with the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi Gamma-Ray
Space Telescope. We attempted identification of these objects,
cross-correlating the gamma-ray positions with VLBI positions of a large
all-sky sample of extragalactic radio sources selected on the basis of their
parsec-scale flux density. The original associations reported by the Fermi team
are confirmed and six new identifications are suggested. A Monte-Carlo analysis
shows that the fraction of chance associations in our analysis is less than 5
per cent, and confirms that the vast majority of gamma-ray bright extragalactic
sources are radio loud blazars with strong parsec-scale jets. A correlation
between the parsec-scale radio and gamma-ray flux is supported by our analysis
of a complete VLBI flux-density-limited sample of extragalactic jets. The
effectiveness of using a VLBI catalog to find associations between gamma-ray
detections and compact extragalactic radio sources, especially near the
Galactic plane, is demonstrated. It is suggested that VLBI catalogs should be
used for future identification of Fermi LAT objects.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, accepted by the Astrophysical Journal
Letters; minor corrections to the text are made, one panel is added to Figure
1; full table 1 in electronic form can be extracted from the preprint sourc
Search for a Point-Source Counterpart of the Unidentified Gamma-Ray Source TeV J2032+4130 in Cygnus
We have made a multiwavelength study of the overlapping error boxes of the
unidentified gamma-ray sources TeV J2032+4130 and 3EG J2033+4118 in the
direction of the Cygnus OB2 association (d = 1.7 kpc) in order to search for a
point-source counterpart of the first unidentified TeV source. Optical
identifications and spectroscopic classifications for the brighter X-ray
sources in ROSAT PSPC and Chandra ACIS images are obtained, without finding a
compelling counterpart. The classified X-ray sources are a mix of early and
late-type stars, with one exception. The brightest source in the Chandra
observation is a new, hard absorbed source that is both transient and rapidly
variable. It lies 7' from the centroid of the TeV emission, which places it
outside of the claimed 2 sigma location (r = 4.8'). A possible eclipse or "dip"
transition is seen in its light curve. With a peak 1-10 keV luminosity of 7 x
10^(32) (d/1.7 kpc})^2 ergs s^(-1), this source could be a quiescent low-mass
X-ray binary that lies beyond the Cyg OB2 association. A coincident, reddened
optical object of R = 20.4, J = 15.4, H = 14.2, and K = 13.4 is observed, but
not yet classified due to the lack of obvious emission or absorption features
in its spectrum. Alternatively, this Chandra} and optical source might be a
considered a candidate for a proton blazar, a long hypothesized type of
radio-weak gamma-ray source. More detailed observations will be needed to
determine the nature of this variable X-ray source, and to assess the
possibility of its connection with TeV J2032+4130.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figures, accepted by Ap
Surveys with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
International audienceSurveys open up unbiased discovery space and generate legacy datasets of long-lasting value. One of the goals of imaging arrays of Cherenkov telescopes like CTA is to survey areas of the sky for faint very high energy gamma-ray (VHE) sources, especially sources that would not have drawn attention were it not for their VHE emission (e.g . the Galactic âdark acceleratorsâ). More than half the currently known VHE sources are to be found in the Galactic Plane. Using standard techniques, CTA can carry out a survey of the region |l|<60° |b|<2° in 250 h (1/4th the available time per year at one location) down to a uniform sensitivity of 3 mCrab (a âGalactic Plane surveyâ). CTA could also survey 1/4th of the sky down to a sensitivity of 20 mCrab in 370 h of observing time (an âall-sky surveyâ), which complements well the surveys by the Fermi/LAT at lower energies and extended air shower arrays at higher energies. Observations in (non-standard) divergent pointing mode may shorten the âall-sky surveyâ time to about 100 h with no loss in survey sensitivity. We present the scientific rationale for these surveys, their place in the multi-wavelength context, their possible impact and their feasibility. We find that the Galactic Plane survey has the potential to detect hundreds of sources. Implementing such a survey should be a major goal of CTA. Additionally, about a dozen blazars, or counterparts to Fermi/LAT sources, are expected to be detected by the all-sky survey, whose prime motivation is the search for extragalactic âdark acceleratorsâ
UVES/VLT high resolution absorption spectroscopy of the GRB080330 afterglow: a study of the GRB host galaxy and intervening absorbers
We study the Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) environment and intervening absorbers by
analyzing the optical absorption features produced by gas surrounding the GRB
or along its line of sight. We analyzed high resolution spectroscopic
observations (R=40000, S/N=3 - 6) of the optical afterglow of GRB080330, taken
with UVES at the VLT ~ 1.5 hours after the GRB trigger. The spectrum
illustrates the complexity of the ISM of the GRB host galaxy at z = 1.51 which
has at least four components in the main absorption system. We detect strong
FeII, SiII, and NiII excited absorption lines associated with the bluemost
component only. In addition to the host galaxy, at least two more absorbers
lying along the line of sight to the afterglow have been detected in the
redshift range 0.8 < z < 1.1, each exhibiting MgII absorption. For the bluemost
component in the host galaxy, we derive information about its distance from the
site of the GRB explosion. We do so by assuming that the excited absorption
lines are produced by indirect UV pumping, and compare the data with a time
dependent photo-excitation code. The distance of this component is found to be
280+40-50 pc, which is lower than found for other GRBs (1 - 6 kpc). We identify
two additional MgII absorbers, one of them with a rest frame equivalent width
larger than 1A. The distance between the GRB and the absorber measured in this
paper confirms that the power of the GRB radiation can influence the conditions
of the interstellar medium up to a distance of at least several hundred pc. For
the intervening absorbers, we confirm the trend that on average one strong
intervening system is found per afterglow, as has been noted in studies
exhibiting an excess of strong MgII absorbers along GRB sightlines compared to
quasars.Comment: 8 Pages, 7 ps figures, A&A in pres
GRB 991216 Joins the Jet Set: Discovery and Monitoring of its Optical Afterglow
The optical light curve of the energetic gamma-ray burst GRB 991216 is
consistent with jet-like behavior in which a power-law decay steepens from
t**(-1.22 +/- 0.04) at early times to t**(-1.53 +/- 0.05) in a gradual
transition at around 2 d. The derivation of the late-time decay slope takes
into account the constant contribution of a host or intervening galaxy which
was measured 110 d after the event at R = 24.56 +/- 0.14, although the light
curve deviates from a single power law whether or not a constant term is
included. The early-time spectral energy distribution of the afterglow can be
described as F_nu ~ nu**(-0.74 +/- 0.05) or flatter between optical and X-ray,
which, together with the slow initial decay, is characteristic of standard
adiabatic evolution in a uniformly dense medium. Assuming that a reported
absorption-line redshift of 1.02 is correct, the apparent isotropic energy of
6.7 x 10**53 erg is reduced by a factor of ~ 200 in the jet model, and the
initial half-opening angle is ~ 6 deg. GRB 991216 is the third good example of
a jet-like afterglow (following GRB 990123 and GRB 990510), supporting a trend
in which the apparently most energetic gamma-ray events have the narrowest
collimation and a uniform ISM environment. This, plus the absence of evidence
for supernovae associated with jet-like afterglows, suggests that these events
may originate from a progenitor in which angular momentum plays an important
role but a massive stellar envelope or wind does not, e.g., the coalescence of
a compact binary.Comment: 19 pages, accepted by The Astrophysical Journa
Agreement between a simple dyspnea-guided treatment algorithm for stable COPD and the GOLD guidelines: A pilot study
Introduction: Guidelines recommendations for the treatment of COPD are poorly followed. This could be related to the complexity of classification and treatment algorithms. The purpose of this study was to validate a simpler dyspnea-based treatment algorithm for inhaled pharmacotherapy in stable COPD, comparing its concordance with the current Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guideline. Methods: We enrolled patients who had been diagnosed with COPD in three primary care facilities and two tertiary hospitals in Spain. We determined anthropometric data, forced expiratory volume in the 1st second (percent), exacerbations, and dyspnea based on the modified Medical Research Council scale. We evaluated the new algorithm based on dyspnea and exacerbations and calculated the concordance with the current GOLD recommendations. Results: We enrolled 100 patients in primary care and 150 attending specialized care in a respiratory clinic. There were differences in the sample distribution between cohorts with 41% vs 26% in grade A, 16% vs 12% in grade B, 16% vs 22% in grade C, and 27% vs 40% in grade D for primary and respiratory care, respectively (P=0.005). The coincidence of the algorithm with the GOLD recommendations in primary care was 93% and 91.8% in the respiratory care cohort. Conclusion: A simple dyspnea-based treatment algorithm for inhaled pharmacotherapy of COPD could be useful in the management of COPD patients and concurs very well with the recommended schema suggested by the GOLD initiative
Active Galactic Nuclei under the scrutiny of CTA
Active Galactic Nuclei (hereafter AGN) produce powerful outflows which offer
excellent conditions for efficient particle acceleration in internal and
external shocks, turbulence, and magnetic reconnection events. The jets as well
as particle accelerating regions close to the supermassive black holes
(hereafter SMBH) at the intersection of plasma inflows and outflows, can
produce readily detectable very high energy gamma-ray emission. As of now, more
than 45 AGN including 41 blazars and 4 radiogalaxies have been detected by the
present ground-based gamma-ray telescopes, which represents more than one third
of the cosmic sources detected so far in the VHE gamma-ray regime. The future
Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) should boost the sample of AGN detected in the
VHE range by about one order of magnitude, shedding new light on AGN population
studies, and AGN classification and unification schemes. CTA will be a unique
tool to scrutinize the extreme high-energy tail of accelerated particles in
SMBH environments, to revisit the central engines and their associated
relativistic jets, and to study the particle acceleration and emission
mechanisms, particularly exploring the missing link between accretion physics,
SMBH magnetospheres and jet formation. Monitoring of distant AGN will be an
extremely rewarding observing program which will inform us about the inner
workings and evolution of AGN. Furthermore these AGN are bright beacons of
gamma-rays which will allow us to constrain the extragalactic infrared and
optical backgrounds as well as the intergalactic magnetic field, and will
enable tests of quantum gravity and other "exotic" phenomena.Comment: 28 pages, 23 figure
Prospects for Observations of Pulsars and Pulsar Wind Nebulae with CTA
The last few years have seen a revolution in very-high gamma-ray astronomy
(VHE; E>100 GeV) driven largely by a new generation of Cherenkov telescopes
(namely the H.E.S.S. telescope array, the MAGIC and MAGIC-II large telescopes
and the VERITAS telescope array). The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) project
foresees a factor of 5 to 10 improvement in sensitivity above 0.1 TeV,
extending the accessible energy range to higher energies up to 100 TeV, in the
Galactic cut-off regime, and down to a few tens GeV, covering the VHE photon
spectrum with good energy and angular resolution. As a result of the fast
development of the VHE field, the number of pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) detected
has increased from one PWN in the early '90s to more than two dozen firm
candidates today. Also, the low energy threshold achieved and good sensitivity
at TeV energies has resulted in the detection of pulsed emission from the Crab
Pulsar (or its close environment) opening new and exiting expectations about
the pulsed spectra of the high energy pulsars powering PWNe. Here we discuss
the physics goals we aim to achieve with CTA on pulsar and PWNe physics
evaluating the response of the instrument for different configurations.Comment: accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physic
The detailed optical light curve of GRB 030329
(Abridged) We present densely sampled BVRI light curves of the optical
transient associated with the gamma-ray burst GRB 030329, the result of a
coordinated observing campaign conducted at five observatories. Augmented with
published observations of this GRB, the compiled optical dataset contains 2687
photometric measurements, obtained between 78 minutes and 79 days after the
burst. We show that the underlying supernova 2003dh evolved faster than, and
was probably somewhat fainter than the type Ic SN 1998bw, associated with GRB
980425. We find that our data can be described by a broken power-law decay
perturbed by a complex variable component. The early- and late-time decay
slopes are determined to be ~1.1 and ~2, respectively. Assuming this single
power-law model, we constrain the break to lie between ~3 and ~8 days after the
burst. This simple, singly-broken power-law model, derived only from the
analysis of our optical observations, may also account for available multi-band
data, provided that the break happened ~8 days after the burst. The more
complex double-jet model of Berger et al. provides a comparable fit to the
optical, X-ray, mm and radio observations of this event. We detect a
significant change in optical colors during the first day. Our color analysis
is consistent with a cooling break frequency sweeping through the optical band
during the first day. The light curves of GRB 030329 reveal a rich array of
variations, superposed over the mean power-law decay. We find that the early
variations are asymmetric, with a steep rise followed by a relatively slower
(by a factor of about two) decline. The variations maintain a similar time
scale during the first four days, and then get significantly longer.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ with minor
changes. See the GRB030329 Data Treasury at
http://wise-obs.tau.ac.il/GRB030329
Multifrequency Strategies for the Identification of Gamma-Ray Sources
More than half the sources in the Third EGRET (3EG) catalog have no firmly
established counterparts at other wavelengths and are unidentified. Some of
these unidentified sources have remained a mystery since the first surveys of
the gamma-ray sky with the COS-B satellite. The unidentified sources generally
have large error circles, and finding counterparts has often been a challenging
job. A multiwavelength approach, using X-ray, optical, and radio data, is often
needed to understand the nature of these sources. This chapter reviews the
technique of identification of EGRET sources using multiwavelength studies of
the gamma-ray fields.Comment: 35 pages, 22 figures. Chapter prepared for the book "Cosmic Gamma-ray
Sources", edited by K.S. Cheng and G.E. Romero, to be published by Kluwer
Academic Press, 2004. For complete article and higher resolution figures, go
to: http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~muk/mukherjee_multiwave.pd
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