Migration and Child Labour in Agriculture – A Study of Punjab

The present study has been conducted to know the general profile, educational status, activities performed and income of the migratory child labour vis-a-vis the natives engaged in agricultural activities in Punjab. The study is based on a sample of twelve villages randomly taken from three agro-climatic zones. In all the villages, 302 children working in agricultural sector were identified and all of them were the respondents of this study. It has been found that about one-fourth of the child labour working in agricultural and allied activities in the state of Punjab are migrants from other states, viz. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. Most of the migrant child workers were in the age group of 12-14 years. The ratio of female child labour was higher in migrants than in natives. A very high number of child labour belonging to both migrant and native families were from scheduled caste families. All the migratory working children belonged to the landless families of labourers. The educational status of the migrant child labour portrayed a very grim picture. None of them was found going to the school and the reason behind their absenteeism was migration from other states. The child labour was belonging to the low income families. Children were engaged in various agricultural activities such as ploughing, sowing, irrigation, paddy transplantation, crop watching, cattle grazing, crop hartvesting wheatear picking stubble harvesting, pea plucking, cotton picking, potato digging, etc. Children were also employed in dairy farms and poultry farms. The wage earnings of working children were meagre. Special schools for migrants in the rural areas of the state can be opened where they may be taught through their mother tongue. Night schools or schools on the pattern of Charwaha Schools of Bihar may also be started to cater to the needs of working children. The study has also suggested that more employment avenues for adult labour, especially for the women in the villages of the state, should be generated through promoting agro-based industries and traditional handicrafts such as embroidery, pickle-papad making, etc.Child Labour, Migration, Child labour wages, Migratory child labour, Agricultural and Food Policy, J61, J62, R23,

2015 researcher's mini-symposium

Postgraduate researchers from the Faculties of Science, Engineering, Medicine & Surgery and Health Sciences gathered for a forum to present their research interests. The symposium was held in the afternoon of 30 January 2015 in the Engineering Lecture Theatre. The symposium promoted multi-disciplinary networking between various university faculties. Participants were invited based on research topic diversity and gender balance.peer-reviewe

HUBUNGAN POLA ASUH ORANG TUA DENGAN KONSEP DIRI REMAJA DI SMAN 11 BANDA ACEH TAHUN 2012

KEMENTRIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN UNIVERSITAS SYIAH KUALAFAKULTAS KEDOKTERANPROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATANSKRIPSI22 Oktober 2012xiv Halaman + VI Bab + 76 Halaman + 14 Tabel + 1 Skema + 15 Lampiran MINI HARIANTINIM. 0807101060019Hubungan Pola Asuh Orang Tua dengan Konsep Diri Remaja Di SMAN 11 Banda Aceh Tahun 2012ABSTRAKPola asuh yang diberikan oleh orang tua sangat mempengaruhi konsep diri remaja, karena sikap ataupun respon orang tua akan menjadi bahan informasi bagi remaja untuk menilai siapa dirinya. Pola asuh yang baik akan membentuk konsep diri yang positif bagi remaja. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui hubungan pola asuh orang tua dengan konsep diri remaja di SMAN 11 Banda Aceh. Desain penelitian ini bersifat deskritif korelasional dengan jumlah sampel 94 responden. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada tanggal 3-4 Agustus 2012. Adapun metode pengumpulan sampel dengan cara proporsional random sampling, alat pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dalam bentuk skala likert dan dichotomous choice. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan program komputer dengan statistik uji chi square, dengan p-value > 0,05 H0 diterima serta p-value < 0,05 H0 ditolak. Hasil penelitian univariat dari pola asuh pada remaja di SMAN 11 berada pada pola asuh demokratis sebanyak orang 47 orang (50,0%), serta konsep diri berada pada kategori positif sebanyak 53 orang (56,4%). Hasil penelitian bivariat didapatkan bahwa ada hubungan antara pola asuh orang tua dengan konsep diri remaja di SMAN 11 Banda Aceh dengan p-value 0,0001, subvariabel gambaran diri p-value 0,003, ideal diri p-value 0,002 , harga diri p-value 0,007, peran diri p-value 0,002, identitas diri p-value 0,020. Dengan demikian orang tua diharapkan menerapkan pola asuh yang baik dalam keluarga guna meningkatkan konsep diri yang positif pada remaja.Kata Kunci : Pola Asuh, Konsep Diri, RemajaDaftar Baca : 24 Buku, 13 Bahan internet (1998-2010

The glucocorticoid receptor as a regulator of cortisol responses in cortisol resistant patients and healthy subjects

Glucocorticoids are essential for life, and are involved in growth, reproduction, intermediary metabolism, immune and inflammatory reactions as well as central nervous system and cardiovascular functions. Glucocorticoids are also used as treatment of many diseases. Resistance to exogenous glucocorticoids is sometimes seen in patients treated with glucocorticoids. Resistance to endogenous glucocorticoid is seen in some patients causing a syndrome called primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance. Glucocorticoids exert their effect through the glucocorticoid receptor, which belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The receptor consists of three functional domains, the N-terminal, the DNA binding domain and the ligand binding domain. The overall aim of this thesis was to study the glucocorticoid receptor in patients with primary generalized resistance to glucocorticoids i.e. resistance to endogenous glucocorticoids. In 12 unrelated patients with primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance we identified two novel mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor gene in two different patients, R477H and G679S respectively, situated in the DNA binding domain and in the ligand binding domain of the receptor. The R477H mutation is the only mutation described in the DNA binding domain of the human glucocorticoid receptor. We characterized these two mutations in vitro in terms of ligand binding, DNA binding, transactivation and transrepression as well as studies of crosstalking with the inflammatory transcription factor NFκB. We could demonstrate that the phenotype of the two patients expressing these two mutations correlated to the in vitro findings. We further demonstrated that the R477H and G679S were true mutations and not present as polymorphisms among healthy individuals. Glucocorticoid sensitivity among healthy individuals was also compared between two groups characterized as low and high secretors of urinary free cortisol studied with respect to their responses to a low dose of exogenous glucocorticoid. We concluded that individuals with a low cortisol profile, though still in the normal range, seems to be more sensitive to exogenous cortisol than those with high profile. This could have impact on the response to treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids and the prediction of therapeutic effect and adverse side effects

Assessment of the Pulmonary-to-Systemic-Flow Ratio in Patients with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome in Pre-Stage 2

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a rare congenital heart disease that affects normal blood flow through the heart with high mortality if not treated (70% in the first week and 91% within 30 days; Morris et al., 1990). The aortic valve, aortic arch, mitral valve, and left ventricle are severely underdeveloped (Figure 1). In this condition, the right ventricle is the systemic ventricle and must pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body through a persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Norwood palliation (NW) was considered the first palliation stage for patients with hypoplastic heart left syndrome (HLHS). The operation is usually performed in the first few weeks of the life. The goals of first-stage palliation are: • Unobstructed systemic blood flow to the aorta and coronary arteries; • A controlled source of pulmonary blood flow; and • Unobstructed egress of pulmonary venous return In NW, the neo-aorta is constructed by side-to-side anastomosis of the hypoplastic ascending aorta and the main pulmonary artery, a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (MBTS) is created between the right subclavian artery and the pulmonary arteries to supply the pulmonary blood flow, and an atrioseptectomy is performed (Figure 2). A Sano shunt, a conduit created between the systemic right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, could be an alternative to the MBTS. The second palliative operation (stage 2) is called a hemi-Fontan or Glenn operation, which usually occurs within six months of birth and in which the superior vena cava (SVC) is disconnected from the right atrium and connected to the pulmonary arteries (Pas), allowing the deoxygenated blood to flow from the upper part of the body directly to the PA without passing through the heart (Figures 3 and 4). The third palliative stage is the Fontan operation (stage 3), which occurs approximately at 1.5–3 years of age. During this surgery, the inferior vena cava (IVC) is disconnected from the RA and connected to the PAs through a conduit with or without fenestration, allowing the deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body to flow into the PAs without passing through the heart (Figures 3 and 4). In a Norwood operation, maintaining the balance between the systemic and pulmonary blood flow (Qp:Qs) postoperatively is challenging, with increased mortality and morbidity (up to 50%; John et al., 2020). An excess of one compromises the other. Increased Qp (Qp > Qs) leads to pulmonary overcirculation and heart failure, with symptoms like dyspnea, tachycardia, and sweating, and saturation increases to more than 85%. At the same time, the limited Qs leads to systemic hypoperfusion, a potential cause of coronary ischemia, mesenteric ischemia, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), renal insufficiency, and cerebral hypoxemia. Increased Qs (Qs > Qp) leads to pulmonary undercirculation and excessive cyanosis due to the desaturated blood in the systemic circulation, which could lead to respiratory failure, cerebral hypoxia, coronary ischemia, heart failure, and even death. Few studies have been conducted to estimate the optimal value of the Qp:Qs intraoperatively and postoperatively in which the patients are hemodynamically stable without signs of generalized tissue hypoperfusion, like an increase in lactate or decrease in blood PH, and with satisfactory saturation (Charpie et al., 2007; Malec et al., 2003; Photiadis et al., 2005, 2006; Primeaux et al., 2021; Rychik et al., 2000; Strauss et al., 2001). Other studies compared the MBTS with the Sano shunt postoperatively and in pre-stage 2 (PS2; Edward et al., 2007; Mair et al., 2003). The results showed that the Qp:Qs in patients with an MBTS was higher than in those with a Sano shunt. The same observation of the end-diastolic pressure of the right ventricle was documented. No study has been conducted to date, however, investigating the range of the Qp:Qs in patients in PS II who received routine catheter examination before the Fontan operation (total cavo-pulmonary connection) or in those who received an emergency examination due to clinical deterioration. This study aims to evaluate the range of the Qp:Qs in PS2, in which the patients are hemodynamically stable with adequate saturation and mild anticongestive therapy. In addition, the study tries to find any relationship between the Qp:Qs and the outcome in this cohort and evaluate whether the Qp:Qs could predict the outcome in the patients in PS2. The composite primary outcome was freedom from the following: death, the need for reoperation, referral to palliative care, or the need for heart transplantation. The secondary outcome was freedom from reintervention in MBTS or pulmonary arteries

Estimated impact of left lane truck restriction on Louisiana highway pavement using MEPDG

Truck lane restriction strategies (TLRS) are strategies used to manage truck traffic on highways by prohibiting trucks from using certain lanes in order to minimize interaction between trucks and other vehicles and currently it is under consideration for implementation in Louisiana’s multi-lane highways. One of the serious impacts of a truck lane restriction on highways is accelerated pavement damage on unrestricted lanes due to the increased truck traffic on them. The purpose of this study is to estimate the increased pavement damage on the right lane in terms of various distress caused by imposing left lane truck restriction on trucks with three or more axles on a six-lane highway section near Lake Charles. Estimating the reduction in life of the pavement caused by introducing TLRS on this section and determining the sensitivity of the input factors were the objectives of this study. The Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) software was used to estimate various types of pavement distress expected from the increased traffic on unrestricted right lane after prohibiting trucks from the extreme left lane at the study section. Traffic loading, climatic, and structural data were used as inputs to the model. Data pertaining to vehicle classification was obtained from Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) records and pavement structure information at the study section was collected from the LADOTD. Climatic data for the study section region were available with the software. Because the current truck lane distribution was not known, a total of eight logical truck lane distributions were considered in the study. The MEPDG software was used to simulate “without restriction” and “with restriction at 80 and 90 percent compliance” scenarios for all the truck lane distributions at the calculated annual average daily truck traffic (AADTT) on the study section. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to predict sensitivity of truck lane restrictions to increased truck traffic and compliance values. Results of this study were then used to determine how much earlier the pavement would fail due to introduction of TLRS. Pavement deformation in the asphalt concrete (AC) layer was the only pavement distress which was found to cause the pavement to fail during the expected life of the pavement, and the pavement failed earlier “with TLRS” than “without TLRS” for all truck lane distributions considered. However, a statistical z test showed no significant difference at the 95 percent significance level between the two values. The decrease in pavement age was not found to be sensitive to the AADTT values considered. The truck lane distribution that produced the greatest reduction in pavement life was the 75-15-10 truck lane distribution, where pavement failure was estimated to occur 9 -10 months earlier “with TLRS’ than “without TLRS” for AADTT values (6206 -8000 trucks per day)

An analysis of code switching performed by the staffs and the foreigner guests of "istana griya" homestay in Surakarta sociolinguistic study

The research is to analyze the type of code switching, the function of code switching and the factors motivate the staffs of "Istana Griya" homestay apply code switching when having conversation with their foreigner guests in Surakarta. In collecting the data, a qualitative method using purposive sampling was applied by conducting observation, recording, and interview. Then, those data were analyzed through some stages, namely transcribing the recorded data into written data, classifying the data based on the types of code switching, reducing the data, giving code for each datum, analyzing the data and interpreting them to answer the research problems. Based on the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that: (1) there are three types of code switching used by the staff and the foreigner guests of "Istana Griya" homestay in Surakarta, namely tag switching, intra-sentential code switching and inter-sentential code switching; (2) there are five functions of code switching, namely quotation, injection, reiteration, message qualification and addressee specification; (3) there are four factors that motivate the staffs to apply code switching, namely the participants, the presence of the third person, the lack of vocabulary knowledge in a particular language and to emphasize particular terms. For the other researchers who will do such research dealing with the phenomenon of code switching, it is suggested that good comprehension toward the work should be achieved through close and intensive reading so they can do further research from the other point of view. Besides, there must be an effort to find other references that have relation to the study. The writer's suggestion is also for the beginners or common people who interested in English that they can do code switching at the beginning of their exercises. They do not be afraid of speaking English, because by switch codes encourage them to speak actively