Sharing als Konzept, Lösung und Problem: Ein Gespräch über Informatik im technikhistorischen Wandel

Zusammenfassung: Als Profession und Wissenschaft war die Informatik im 20. Jahrhundert stets "eingeklemmt" zwischen den Ansprüchen möglicher Nutzer und den Anforderungen, Möglichkeiten und Limitationen, die der Computer vorgab. Die Informatik entwickelte in diesem Spannungsfeld Sharing-Konzepte der unterschiedlichsten Art. Im folgenden Gespräch unterhalten sich zwei Informatiker (Andreas Meier und Carl August Zehnder) und zwei Technikhistoriker (David Gugerli und Daniela Zetti) über eine Entwicklung, die seit mehr als 50 Jahren anhält, die aber nicht in immer mehr Sharing kulminierte, sondern die sich stets durch lebhaften Wandel auszeichnete. Es gibt unterschiedliche Qualitäten von Sharing und es gibt und gab auch dezidierte Anti-Sharing-Entwicklungen

The application of digital health to the assessment and treatment of substance use disorders: The past, current, and future role of the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network

The application of digital technologies to better assess, understand, and treat substance use disorders (SUDs) is a particularly promising and vibrant area of scientific research. The National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN), launched in 1999 by the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse, has supported a growing line of research that leverages digital technologies to glean new insights into SUDs and provide science-based therapeutic tools to a diverse array of persons with SUDs. This manuscript provides an overview of the breadth and impact of research conducted in the realm of digital health within the CTN. This work has included the CTN\u27s efforts to systematically embed digital screeners for SUDs into general medical settings to impact care models across the nation. This work has also included a pivotal multi-site clinical trial conducted on the CTN platform, whose data led to the very first “prescription digital therapeutic” authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of SUDs. Further CTN research includes the study of telehealth to increase capacity for science-based SUD treatment in rural and under-resourced communities. In addition, the CTN has supported an assessment of the feasibility of detecting cocaine-taking behavior via smartwatch sensing. And, the CTN has supported the conduct of clinical trials entirely online (including the recruitment of national and hard-to-reach/under-served participant samples online, with remote intervention delivery and data collection). Further, the CTN is supporting innovative work focused on the use of digital health technologies and data analytics to identify digital biomarkers and understand the clinical trajectories of individuals receiving medications for opioid use disorder (OUD). This manuscript concludes by outlining the many potential future opportunities to leverage the unique national CTN research network to scale-up the science on digital health to examine optimal strategies to increase the reach of science-based SUD service delivery models both within and outside of healthcare

Międzynarodowe wyzwania bezpieczeństwa

Praca recenzowana / peer-reviewed pape

Schizophrenia-associated somatic copy-number variants from 12,834 cases reveal recurrent NRXN1 and ABCB11 disruptions

While germline copy-number variants (CNVs) contribute to schizophrenia (SCZ) risk, the contribution of somatic CNVs (sCNVs)—present in some but not all cells—remains unknown. We identified sCNVs using blood-derived genotype arrays from 12,834 SCZ cases and 11,648 controls, filtering sCNVs at loci recurrently mutated in clonal blood disorders. Likely early-developmental sCNVs were more common in cases (0.91%) than controls (0.51%, p = 2.68e−4), with recurrent somatic deletions of exons 1–5 of the NRXN1 gene in five SCZ cases. Hi-C maps revealed ectopic, allele-specific loops forming between a potential cryptic promoter and non-coding cis-regulatory elements upon 5′ deletions in NRXN1. We also observed recurrent intragenic deletions of ABCB11, encoding a transporter implicated in anti-psychotic response, in five treatment-resistant SCZ cases and showed that ABCB11 is specifically enriched in neurons forming mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic projections. Our results indicate potential roles of sCNVs in SCZ risk

Black Ideologies, Black Utopias: Afrocentricity in Historical Perspective

Black Nationalist Ideologies have existed throughout the history of African Americans. But the exact content and the way in which their intensity and popularity has waxed and waned can be best understood by examining the specific historical contexts in which the ideas were embedded. Such an analysis has been completely lacking in the current furor over Afrocentricity in its varied forms. Many of the ideas which are now considered Afrocentric - though they were not labeled a such at the time - also flourished at the turn of the nineteenth century during what appropriately has been described as the nadir of the Black experience in post-Civil War America. There are sufficient parallels between that time and our own to give us reason to feel that a comparison of the social circumstances and the ideas of the two periods will enhance our understanding of the current debate

Die Hochebene von Barka in ihrem heutigen Zustande mit dem ehemaligen verglichen

von Aug. Meier-JobstProgr.-Nr. 46