Occurrence of deformed wing virus variants in the stingless Melipona subnitida and honey Apis mellifera bee populations in North Eastern Brazil

Deformed wing virus (DWV) is now a global insect pathogen. Brazilian stingless bees are a diverse group often managed in close proximity to honey bees. We investigated the prevalence and load of DWV in 33 stingless bees (Melipona subnitida) and 12 honey bees (Apis mellifera) colonies from NE Brazil. DWV was detected in all colonies with the A and C-variants dominating M. subnitida and A-variant in A. mellifera. Viral loads were 8.83E+07 and 7.19E+07 in M. subnitida and A. mellifera, respectively. On Fernando de Noronha island DWV is low (<1E+03) in honey bees, but we detected high loads (1.6E+08) in nine island M. subnitida colonies, indicating no viral spill-over of DWV has occurred during the past 34 years. Furthermore, the ubiquitous presence of the DWV-C variant in M. subnitida colonies, and rarity in A. mellifera, may suggest limited viral exchange between these two species

On an acute case of Chagas disease in a region under vector control in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

No vector transmitted cases of Chagas disease had been notified in the state of São Paulo since the 1970s. However, in March, 2006, the death of a six-year-old boy from the municipality of Itaporanga was notified to the Center for Epidemiological Survey of the São Paulo State Health Secretariat: an autochthonous case of acute Chagas disease. The postmortem histopathological examination performed in the Hospital das Clínicas of the Botucatu School of Medicine confirmed the diagnosis. Reference to hospital records, consultation with the health professionals involved in the case and interviews with members of the patient's family supplied the basis for this study. We investigated parasite route of transmission, probable local reservoirs and vectors. No further human cases of acute Chagas disease were diagnosed. No locally captured vectors or reservoirs were found infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Alternative transmission hypotheses - such as the possible ingestion of foods contaminated with vector excreta - are discussed, as well as the need to keep previously endemic regions and infested houses under close surveillance. Clinicians should give due attention to such signs as uni- or bilateral palpebral edema, cardiac failure, myocarditis, pericarditis, anasarca and atypical signs of nephrotic syndrome or nephritis and consider the diagnostic hypothesis of Chagas disease.Desde a década de 1970 não se notificavam casos autóctones de doença de Chagas aguda em São Paulo. Em março de 2006 a Vigilância Epidemiológica registrou óbito por doença de Chagas aguda, em Itaporanga, de paciente de seis anos de idade. Exame histopatológico post mortem realizado no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu confirmou o diagnóstico. Consultamos prontuários de hospitais e entrevistamos profissionais de saúde envolvidos além de familiares do paciente. Descrevemos medidas adotadas in loco para identificar a via de transmissão, reservatórios e vetores. Discutimos as possíveis fontes de infecção. Na região não foram identificados outros casos humanos, vetores ou reservatórios vertebrados infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi. Salientamos a importância de manter a vigilância, mesmo em áreas onde a transmissão de doença de Chagas está interrompida e naquelas ainda infestadas por triatomíneos. Deve-se admitir a hipótese diagnóstica de doença de Chagas quando observados: edema palpebral (uni ou bilateral), insuficiência cardíaca, miocardite, pericardite, anasarca, quadros similares aos de síndrome nefrótica ou glomerulonefrite sem causas outras aparentes, em pacientes com dados epidemiológicos positivos. Encontro, mesmo em raras ocasiões, de triatomíneos na região ou ainda contato com alimento contaminável com formas infectantes de T. cruzi

INCLUIR É PRECISO

Social inclusion in schools is a process that requires a series of measures, such as adapting pedagogical practices to the educational demands that students present. The aim of this study was to analyze how is the service to students of Recanto das Emas Class 510 School, administrative region of the Federal District, in an inclusive perspective and to know what difficulties teachers face, whether they are prepared, feel qualified or not. , to deal with each type of student with their physical, mental, and so on disabilities. Thus, we made an overview of activities that are developed in EC 510 to confront the theories, laws, norms, guidelines and scholars of the subject in order to know and recognize the theme of Inclusion in reality. You could see that in this school there is a look interested in the human being, there are also trained professionals willing to change scenarios of unhappy children. In general, the school does what it can to ensure that social inclusion is not seen as difficult or impossible. The school's concern with providing quality education and wanting to overcome challenges is noticeable. Another relevant factor was the social context in which the school is inserted; In the community, in its history, references to violence, unemployment, precarious housing were noted and this may cause the low attendance of students in school.A inclusão social nas escolas é um processo que exige uma série de medidas, como por exemplo, adaptar práticas pedagógicas í s demandas educacionais que os alunos apresentam. Pretendeu-se neste estudo analisar como ocorre o atendimento aos estudantes da Escola Classe 510 do Recanto das Emas, região administrativa do Distrito Federal, em uma perspectiva inclusiva e  saber quais as dificuldades que os professores enfrentam, se estão preparados, se sentem capacitados ou não, para lidar com cada tipo de aluno com suas deficiências fí­sicas, psí­quicas, e etc. Assim, fizemos um apanhado de atividades que são desenvolvidas na EC 510 para confrontar com as teorias, leis, normas, diretrizes e estudiosas do assunto no sentido de conhecer e reconhecer o tema da Inclusão na realidade. Pôde perceber que nessa escola há um olhar interessado pelo ser humano, há também, profissionais capacitados e dispostos a mudar cenários de crianças infelizes. Em linhas gerais, a escola faz o que pode para que a inclusão social não seja vista como algo difí­cil ou impossí­vel de acontecer .É  perceptí­vel a preocupação da escola em oferecer uma educação de qualidade e de querer superar desafios. Outro fator relevante foi o contexto social em que a escola está inserida; notou-se na comunidade, em seu histórico, referências í  violência, a desemprego, a moradias precárias e isso pode ocasionar a baixa frequência dos alunos na escola

Physico-chemical and rheological properties of prato cheese during ripening

The influence of storage temperature (6, 12 and 18°C) on texture parameters of Prato cheese were evaluated during 22 days of ripening. A reduction of firmness, gumminess and elasticity was observed; however, cohesiveness and adhesiveness increased. With the increasing temperature, firmness and gumminess reduced, whereas the elasticity, cohesiveness and adhesiveness did not change. It can be concluded that storage temperature influences the texture profile of Prato cheese which present differences in the evaluated parameters during 22 days of ripening.Keywords: Cheese ripening, hard cheese, colour, texture profile analysis

O BRASIL TEM JEITO? UMA ANÁLISE DE ESFORÇOS GOVERNAMENTAIS E EMPRESARIAIS NO USO DE COMPLIANCE COMO FERRAMENTA DE COMBATE A CORRUPÇÃO NO BRASIL

This article intends to analyze the studies on the implementation of compliance in Brazil and the fight against corruption. Joining a worldwide effort, the country has sought to create tools and a favorable scenario to inhibit illicit practices in Public Administration together with private.Este artigo visa uma reflexão sobre os estudos a respeito da implantação do compliance no Brasil buscando o combate a corrupção. Unindo-se a um esforço mundial, o paí­s tem procurado criar ferramentas e um cenário favorável para inibir práticas ilí­citas na Administração Pública em conjunto com a iniciativa privada

THE COMPANY INTEGRITY PROGRAM CONTRACTORS OF CONTRACT WITH THE FEDERAL DISTRICT: ANALYSIS IN THE LIGHT OF LAW 6.112 / 2018

O presente artigo teve como proposição relacionar as boas práticas do compliance com a Lei 6.112/2018 implantada no âmbito do Distrito Federal, expondo assim os possí­veis efeitos da respectiva lei na gestão pública e nas empresas que participam do processo licitatório. Neste contexto, foi necessário propor uma pesquisa explicativa para entender o contexto da lei e suas implicações com uma análise bibliográfica e documental.The purpose of this article was to relate the good practices of compliance to the Act 6.112/2018, implemented within the scope of the Federal District, exposing, therefore, the possible effects of this law on public management and on companies that participate in the bidding process. In this context, it was necessary to propose an explanatory research to understand the context of this law and its implications through a bibliographical and documentary analysis

The course of specialization in public health in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1926 to 2006: lessons and challenges

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Public health, as a field of knowledge, depends on its professionals. Their education and training, therefore, is considered to be an important factor for the quality of health services. In Brazil, the Course of Specialization in Public Health of the National School of Public Health is one of the oldest in the country. The course has existed for over 80 years, during which it has had an eventful history, with modifications in its organization, interruptions in its delivery, threats to its survival and changes in the institutions hosting it, reflecting the wider transformation in Brazilian society and public life over that period.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In this article we analyse this course via its history, disciplines, organization and characteristics of the student body.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Insights were gained into the advancement of public health in Brazil and the progress of education for professionals in this field was highlighted. The course has formed nearly 2000 specialists in public health.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>An analysis of the course's history provides valuable lessons for other schools of public health trying to train professionals in developing countries.</p

In vitro culture with gemcitabine augments death receptor and NKG2D ligand expression on tumour cells

Much effort has been made to try to understand the relationship between chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer and the immune system. Whereas much of that focus has been on the direct effect of chemotherapy drugs on immune cells and the release of antigens and danger signals by malignant cells killed by chemotherapy, the effect of chemotherapy on cells surviving treatment has often been overlooked. In the present study, tumour cell lines: A549 (lung), HCT116 (colon) and MCF-7 (breast), were treated with various concentrations of the chemotherapeutic drugs cyclophosphamide, gemcitabine (GEM) and oxaliplatin (OXP) for 24 hours in vitro. In line with other reports, GEM and OXP upregulated expression of the death receptor CD95 (fas) on live cells even at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. Further investigation revealed that the increase in CD95 in response to GEM sensitised the cells to fas ligand treatment, was associated with increased phosphorylation of stress activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase and that other death receptors and activatory immune receptors were co-ordinately upregulated with CD95 in certain cell lines. The upregulation of death receptors and NKG2D ligands together on cells after chemotherapy suggest that although the cells have survived preliminary treatment with chemotherapy they may now be more susceptible to immune cell-mediated challenge. This re-enforces the idea that chemotherapy-immunotherapy combinations may be useful clinically and has implications for the make-up and scheduling of such treatments

Balance of IL-10 and Interferon-γ plasma levels in human visceral leishmaniasis: Implications in the pathogenesis

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis remains a serious public health problem in several parts of the developing world. Effective prophylactic measurements are hampered by imprecise comprehension of different aspects of the disease, including its immunoregulation. A better comprehension of immunoregulation in human VL may be useful both for designing and evaluating immunoprophylaxis. METHODS: To explore immunoregulatory mechanisms, 20 visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients were evaluated during active disease and at different periods up to one year after treatment determining their plasma cytokine levels, clinical parameters (palpable spleen and liver) and antibody levels. RESULTS: Elevated plasma levels of IFN-γ and of IL-12 p40 were observed during active disease, significantly decreasing after treatment whereas in vitro Leishmania antigen-stimulated IFN-γ production by PBMC exhibited an inverse pattern being low during disease and increasing steadily thereafter. Absence of IFN-γ activity is a hallmark of VL. The main candidate for blunting IFN-γ activity is IL-10, a cytokine highly elevated in plasma with sharp decrease after treatment. Activity of IL-10 is inferred by high levels of anti-Leishmania specific IgG1 and IgG3. TGF-β had elevated total, but not of active, levels lessening the likelihood of being the IFN-γ counterpart. Spleen or liver size presented a steady decrease but return to normal values at only 120 days after treatment. Anti-Leishmania IgG (total and subclasses) levels and DTH or Leishmania-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation conversion to positive also present a slow decrease after treatment. IL-6 plasma levels were elevated in only a few patients. CONCLUSION: Taken together our results suggest that IFN-γ and IL-10 are the molecules most likely involved in determining fate of disease. After treatment, there is a long delay before the immune profile returns to normal what precludes using plasma cytokine levels as criteria of cure as simpler clinical evaluations, as a palpable spleen or liver, can be used