Comparison of intrathecal morphine and epidural bupivacaine analgesia for post operative analgesia after elective abdominal hysterectomy

Abstract Background: Epidural bupivacaine (EB) a common analgesia technique after abdominal hysterectomy. However, this technique is invasive and requires catheter placement in epidural space. Intrathecal morphine (ITM) is another potential technique which is less invasive and requires only single injection. The aim of this study was to compare postoperative analgesia effectiveness between these two techniques. Methods: 32 patients who underwent elective abdominal hysterectomy were randomised into two groups; Group ITM (ITM 0.2 mg + 2.5ml 0.5% bupivacaine) (n=16) and Group EB (0.25% bupivacaine bolus + continuous infusion of 0.1% bupivacaine + fentanyl 2 μg/ml) (n=16). The procedure was done prior to induction and all patients subsequently received standard general anaesthesia. Both groups were provided patient controlled analgesia (PCA) morphine as rescue analgesia. Pain assessment was done at first hour post-operative then fourhourly up to 24 hours using visual analogue scale (VAS). Total morphine consumption, length of stay, time to early mobilization and time for first patient controlled analgesia (PCA) morphine demand were also recorded. Results: ITM showed significantly lower median of VAS than EB after 1st hour [1.00(IqR 1.00) vs. 3.00(IqR 3.00), p<0.001], 8th hour [1.00(IqR 1.00) vs. 2.00(IqR 1.00), p=0.018] and 16th hour [1.00(IqR 1.00) vs. (1.00(IqR 1.00), p=0.006] of surgery. The mean VAS at 4th hour was also significantly lower in ITM [1.81(1.17) vs. 2.88(1.41), p=0.027]. Total morphine consumption [11.31(6.56) vs. 16.50(4.80) mg, p=0.016] and time for early mobilization [2.06 (0.25) vs. 2.63(0.89) days, p=0.025] were also significantly less in ITM. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in length of stay, PCA demand time and side effects. Conclusions: ITM was better post-operative analgesia, required lesser rescue analgesia and shorter time for early mobilisation than EB in abdominal hysterectomy surger

The Effect of Management by Objectives on Performance Appraisal and Employee Satisfaction in Commercial Banks

Management by Objectives (MBO) is one of the most effective performance appraisal method widely used in the organization. This study deals with the effect of Management by Objectives on performance appraisal and employee satisfaction.  A self-administered questionnaire was used to judge the perception of the employees regarding MBO and its effect on their performance appraisal and employee satisfaction. The number of participants included in the survey was 60 employees from 33 commercial banks at Rajshahi Division in Bangladesh. This study aims to identify the respondent’s demographic profile such as age, education, salary, and banking experience and reveals the importance of MBO on their performance appraisal and employee satisfaction. IBM SPSS v23.0 program has been used to analyze the questionnaire. Descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and Regression analysis used to test the hypotheses. Econometric results suggest that MBO should be used as a method of performance appraisal and most of the commercial banks use Management by Objectives as an effective tool. In our correlation analysis we found performance appraisal and employee satisfaction have a significant positive relationship (r=0.715). Performance appraisal increase employee satisfaction. Employee satisfaction increase productivity and effectiveness in the organization. Proper reward mechanism increase satisfaction level of the employees. Keywords: Commercial Banks, Employee Satisfaction, Management by Objectives, Organizational Effectiveness and Performance Appraisal. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-20-02 Publication date:July 31st 202

Corporate Social Responsibility Practices: A Study on Foreign Commercial Banks in Bangladesh

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an important portion of an enterprise, bank or other industry. Corporate social responsibility increases the growth and success of a firm. Corporate Social Responsibility means responsibility for the people of the society about the country. The development of a society or a country happens only when the financial institutions like the bank of the country properly maintain their corporate social responsibility. Furthermore, there is a positive relationship between corporate social responsibility and customer perceptions towards the corporations. In our paper, we discussed the theoretical framework of the CSR. The theoretical framework includes bright sides of the CSR and limitations of the CSR. We also analyze 5 commercial banks Bank Al- Falah, Habib Bank Ltd., HSBC, Commercial Bank of Ceylon, and Standard Chartered Banks CSR contribution in corporate social responsibility. We compare their contribution in 2018 and 2019 year. We see that some areas of contribution decrease in 2019 as compared to 2018. There is no contribution to infrastructure development. At last, we recommend foreign commercial banks to increase CSR contribution in some specific areas. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Foreign Commercial Banks, Social Contribution, Welfare. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-21-16 Publication date:July 31st 202

Bangladesh Norms for a Gender-Specific Functional Fine Dexterity Test (FFDT)

Background: Good psychometrics and cultural relevance are needed for evidence-based practice. Occupational therapy (OT) assessment tools in Bangladesh have been developed outside of Bangladesh and have not been validated or normed for Bangladeshis. This normative and psychometric study was to provide culturally relevant norms for in Bangladesh for bilateral fine motor. Method: The Functional Fine Dexterity Test (FFDT) consists of two functional/self-care gender-specific task instruments: a shirt with five buttons for males and a pinning board for females. Raters were trained in timing these tasks. Results: Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) scores were \u3e .85 for all rater teams. Participants were timed three times while they completed the task. Convergent validity was examined using a Pearson’s Product-Moment correlation to compare the average of three trials of the FFDT and three trials of the Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT). Male and female norms were developed for the FFDT using descriptive statistics. The sample included 180 Bangladesh participants. Convergent validity, when compared to the NHPT, ranged from r = .4 to .67 for males (ages 18-29 and 40-49), p \u3c .05; and r = .53 to .76 for females (aged 18-39), p \u3c .05. FFDT norms were developed for gender and age categories. Conclusion: The FFDT is a valid test to use for evaluating fine motor dexterity in Bangladesh. This is the first OT instrument to be studied for culturally relevancy

Establishing Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Model

Rapid urbanization in Malaysia has led to an increasing crime rate, necessitating an understanding of the relationships between crime, the environment, and community. This study examines the causal connections among fear of crime, sense of community, and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) using a quantitative approach with 171 respondents in Selangor and Putrajaya. Previous research has highlighted the psychological effects of crime and the efficacy of defensible space and CPTED in reducing crime in residential areas. However, the causal relationship between sense of community and CPTED requires further investigation. The study's causal model confirms that fear of crime does significantly influence CPTED implementation and the sense of community. Additionally, a strong sense of community significantly impacts CPTED, underscoring the role of community engagement in enhancing crime prevention strategies. These findings have practical implications for policymakers and urban planners, emphasizing the importance of addressing fear of crime to create safer environments that foster community cohesion. Strategies may include improved lighting, surveillance systems, and community-building initiatives. Further research can explore underlying mechanisms and moderating factors. Ultimately, addressing fear of crime, sense of community, and implementing CPTED can enhance community well-being and promote a sense of security

Variation in the solubilization of crude protein in wheat straw by different white-rot fungi

Besides their unique ability to depolymerize cell wall components, white-rot fungi are known to assimilate nitrogenous compounds from substrates. This modification may change protein solubility and fermentation in the rumen. To investigate this, the crude protein (CP) in fungal treated wheat straw (3 fungal species, 2 strains each) was fractioned according to the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) and assessed for in vitro protein fermentation using a modified gas production technique (IVGPN). Results showed that fungi increased fraction A (instantaneously soluble CP; ∼2.6 times) and B1 (rapidly degradable; ∼1.2 times); and decreased the slowly degradable fraction B3 (∼41.6%) and unavailable fraction C (∼48.3%). The IVGPN of straw treated with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora strains were not different to the control, but increased by 30.2 to 47.1% in Pleurotus eryngii and Lentinula edodes strains. The IVGPN was significantly (P <  0.01) correlated to all fractions of CP, except fraction B1 and B2 (intermediately degradable). All fungi also increased the arginine (∼56%) and lysine (∼15%) contents. This study shows the importance of assessing the protein solubilization by different fungal strains, which can uncover unique mechanisms in the cell wall depolymerization

An exploration of the youths perception toward social entrepreneurship development: Evidence from Bangladesh

A plethora of researchers has dominantly kept their focal point on the concept of social entrepreneurship and its economic development and sustainable aspect, but very few studies have been carried out which solely emphasized the youth and social entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. This study aims to explore the factors associated with the perception development of social entrepreneurship intention among business school graduates in Bangladesh. Primary data has been collected by using a structured questionnaire on 350 respondents and analyzed by using Spearman correlation. This study revealed most of the young graduates chose to participate in social entrepreneurship since it allows them to be independent and help to fulfill their social spirit. They also perceived that social entrepreneurship as a respectable and noble career. Interestingly, they also considered that job as risky and seems like take the advantage of other difficulties or poverty. They are also do not get family support to do social business because they perceived that social entrepreneurship is only for people who cannot get the desired job

Internet of Things (IoT) based ECG System for Rural Health Care

Nearly 30% of the people in the rural areas of Bangladesh are below the poverty level. Moreover, due to the unavailability of modernized healthcare-related technology, nursing and diagnosis facilities are limited for rural people. Therefore, rural people are deprived of proper healthcare. In this perspective, modern technology can be facilitated to mitigate their health problems. ECG sensing tools are interfaced with the human chest, and requisite cardiovascular data is collected through an IoT device. These data are stored in the cloud incorporates with the MQTT and HTTP servers. An innovative IoT-based method for ECG monitoring systems on cardiovascular or heart patients has been suggested in this study. The ECG signal parameters P, Q, R, S, T are collected, pre-processed, and predicted to monitor the cardiovascular conditions for further health management. The machine learning algorithm is used to determine the significance of ECG signal parameters and error rate. The logistic regression model fitted the better agreements between the train and test data. The prediction has been performed to determine the variation of PQRST quality and its suitability in the ECG Monitoring System. Considering the values of quality parameters, satisfactory results are obtained. The proposed IoT-based ECG system reduces the health care cost and complexity of cardiovascular diseases in the future

A User-Friendly Shopping Street

The primary concern of this paper is to identify the relationship between attributes under physical qualities and activities that contribute to the user-friendly street. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is used in the early stages to gather information about the interrelationships among variables. The Cronbach’s Alpha (α) value was used to determine the level of reliability through the internal consistency for each factor.  The result for the validity of all construct achieved Alpha (α) value exceeding 0.70.  This research found that there are positive correlation between safety with comfort and convenience, safety with accessibility, and accessibility with comfort and convenience.Keywords: Urban shopping, street, physical quality, street activities, user-friendlyeISSN 2398-4279 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning &amp; Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia

Synthesis of Gold Nanorices on ITO Substrate Using Silver Seed-Mediated Growth Method

Herein, we propose a seed-mediated growth method for synthesis of gold nanorices directly grown on the substrate using silver seed. The as prepared sample was characterized using UV-Vis spectrometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The UV-Vis spectrum of the sample shows transversal surface plasmon resonance (t-SPR) peak at wavelength 541 nm and longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (l-SPR) peak at wavelength 730 nm. The FESEM image confirmed the morphology of gold nanostructures are rice-like shape. Typically, the nanorices have long axis (a) 55.54±3.30 nm, short axis (b) 28.71±2.30 nm, and aspect ratio (a/b) 1.98±0.09. The XRD pattern of the sample at diffraction angle (2θ) in the range of 10º-70º reveals three peaks at 38.18º, 44.48º, and 64.67º which corresponding to (111), (200), and (220) Bragg’s reflection of face centers cubic lattice Gold (ICSD file No. 98-005-3763). The strong peak intensity at 38.18º represents the nanorices growth in the (111) direction. The gold nanostructures with rice-like shape which exhibit two localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) thus it has very potential for application in plasmonic sensin