Resource Orchestration in Softwarized Networks

Network softwarization is an emerging research area that is envisioned to revolutionize the way network infrastructure is designed, operated, and managed today. Contemporary telecommunication networks are going through a major transformation, and softwarization is recognized as a crucial enabler of this transformation by both academia and industry. Softwarization promises to overcome the current ossified state of Internet network architecture and evolve towards a more open, agile, flexible, and programmable networking paradigm that will reduce both capital and operational expenditures, cut-down time-to-market of new services, and create new revenue streams. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) are two complementary networking technologies that have established themselves as the cornerstones of network softwarization. SDN decouples the control and data planes to provide enhanced programmability and faster innovation of networking technologies. It facilitates simplified network control, scalability, availability, flexibility, security, cost-reduction, autonomic management, and fine-grained control of network traffic. NFV utilizes virtualization technology to reduce dependency on underlying hardware by moving packet processing activities from proprietary hardware middleboxes to virtualized entities that can run on commodity hardware. Together SDN and NFV simplify network infrastructure by utilizing standardized and commodity hardware for both compute and networking; bringing the benefits of agility, economies of scale, and flexibility of data centers to networks. Network softwarization provides the tools required to re-architect the current network infrastructure of the Internet. However, the effective application of these tools requires efficient utilization of networking resources in the softwarized environment. Innovative techniques and mechanisms are required for all aspects of network management and control. The overarching goal of this thesis is to address several key resource orchestration challenges in softwarized networks. The resource allocation and orchestration techniques presented in this thesis utilize the functionality provided by softwarization to reduce operational cost, improve resource utilization, ensure scalability, dynamically scale resource pools according to demand, and optimize energy utilization

Factors of Faculty Job Satisfaction in the Tertiary Travel Education: A Global Pandemic Scenario

During this global pandemic, people in different sectors are really passing hectic days with mental and physical illness especially teachers or faculties who are providing online education at the tertiary level. This paper aims at finding the factors associated with job satisfaction for them. We discussed the job satisfaction attributes by using a regression model with factors analysis. For doing this research, we collected data from private and public universities in Bangladesh through Google form and analyzed the data with SPSS 26.0. The factors that we found through literature review include Monetary factors, Professional development factors, Physical factors, and psychological factors. We found that these factors have a direct impact on job satisfaction for teachers at tertiary level especially in this global pandemic and found our model significant. This paper will be helpful for the university authority to take proper steps to enhance the job satisfaction for faculties

Martial Law in Bangladesh 1975-1979: A Legal Analysis.

The primary object of this thesis is to offer a legal analysis of Martial Law in Bangladesh, 1975-1979. It is divided into nine chapters. The introductory chapter traces the birth and constitutional and political development of Bangladesh before the proclamation of Martial Law in August 1975. It examines the various uses of the term 'Martial Law' and the controversies which have arisen as to the basic character of Martial Law. The role of the doctrine of 'necessity' in the promulgation and continuation of Martial Law, and in the justification of all measures taken under Martial Law are examined. The nature of Martial Law courts is considered, and the history of the promulgation of Martial Law in the Indian subcontinent is outlined. Chapter II considers the legality and justification of the Proclamation of Martial Law in Bangladesh in 1975, the legality of the assumption of the office of President by Khandaker Moshtaque Ahmed, the position of the 1972 Constitution and other laws after the declaration of Martial Law. It examines the impact of the various coups upon the discipline of the armed forces, and deals with the structure of the Martial Law administration and the civilianisation of government and the withdrawal of Martial Law. The various Martial Law Regulations creating offences are discussed. Chapter III examines the basic provisions relating to the constitution, powers and jurisdiction, and procedure of Martial Law courts. Chapter IV deals with the establishment and composition of the Martial Law courts. It discloses the number of cases transferred arbitrarily from ordinary courts to Martial Law courts, and from one Martial Law court to another. It then looks into the implications of such transfers, and uncovers the number of persons convicted and acquitted by the Martial Law courts and examines certain cases tried by them. Chapter V deals with the provisions relating to the constitution, power and jurisdiction, and procedure of the Special Martial Law Tribunal and Martial Law Tribunals, and examines the trial of the conspiracy case by the Special Martial Law Tribunal and the functioning of Martial Law tribunals. It attempts to ascertain the number of persons executed in the aftermath of the two abortive coups of 1977. Chapter VI describes the definition and importance of the 'independence of the Judiciary'. It considers the independence of the Judiciary in Bangladesh both before and after the imposition of Martial Law in 1975, and the restrictions imposed on the powers and jurisdiction of the Judiciary by the Martial Law regime, and discusses the nature of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh, including constitutional provisions relating to their enforcement and suspension during a proclamation of emergency. It examines the suspension of the enforcement of most of the fundamental rights under the 1974 Proclamation of Emergency and the removal of the power of the Judiciary to enforce fundamental rights by the Constitution (Fourth) Amendment Act, 1975, before the declaration of Martial Law. The chapter sets forth the subsequent restoration by stages of the judicial power to enforce fundamental rights by the Martial Law government. Chapter VII details the definition and necessity of preventive detention. It portrays the possible abuse of the power of preventive detention and constitutional safeguards in this respect, and also examines the provisions of the Special Powers Act, 1974, and the Emergency Powers Rules, 1975, relating to preventive detention and the incorporation of constitutional safeguards into the Emergency Powers Rules with regard to preventive detention in 1977 by the Martial Law administration. Chapter VIII depicts the operation of the laws relating to preventive detention under the Martial Law regime. It specifies the numbers of detenus released under various general amnesties as well as in accordance with the orders of the Supreme Court, and gives some examples of the arbitrary exercise of the power of preventive detention. The chapter enumerates certain instances of writ petitions and the Supreme Court orders in respect of preventive detention, and also examines the case of a detenu who was released in accordance with the order of the High Court, only to be re-arrested at the prison-gate. The last chapter summarises general conclusions. An overall assessment of Martial Law administration is attempted, and some suggestions offered for the prevention of the abuse of the power by Martial Law regimes in future by means of constitutional and legal provisions in respect of the promulgation and administration of Martial Law

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of spatially variable PVD improved ground

A stochastic approach that investigates the effects of soil spatial variability on stabilisation of soft clay via prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) is presented and discussed. The approach integrates the local average subdivision of random field theory with the Monte Carlo finite element (FE) technique. A special feature of the current study is the investigation of impact of spatial variability of soil permeability and volume compressibility in the smear zone as compared to that of the undisturbed zone, in conjunction with uncoupled three-dimensional FE analysis. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to identify the random variable that has the major contribution to the uncertainty of the degree of consolidation achieved via PVDs. The results of this study indicate that the spatial variability of soil properties has a significant impact on soil consolidation by PVDs; however, the spatial variability of soil properties in the smear zone has a dominating impact on soil consolidation by PVDs over that of the undisturbed zone. It is also found that soil volume compressibility has insignificant contribution to the degree of consolidation estimated by uncoupled stochastic analysis

Reliability-based semi-analytical solution for ground improvement by PVDs incorporating inherent (spatial) variability of soil

The design of soil consolidation via prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) has been traditionally carried out deterministically and thus can be misleading due to the ignorance of the uncertainty associated with the inherent (spatial) variation of soil properties. To treat such uncertainty in the design process of soil consolidation by PVDs, stochastic approaches that combine the finite element method with the Monte Carlo technique (FEMC) have been usually used. However, such approaches are complex, computationally intensive and time consuming. In this paper, a simpler reliability-based semi-analytical (RBSA) method is proposed as an alternative tool to the complex FEMC approach for soil consolidation by PVDs, considering soil spatial variability. The RBSA method is found to give similar results to those obtained from the FEMC approach and can thus be used with confidence in practice

Reproductive Performances and Management Effects on Productions of Indigenous Dairy Cows Raised at Char Areas in Northern Bangladesh

The study was conducted to assess the existing reproductive performances and the effect of nutritional supplementation on productions of indigenous cows in Char areas (remote river Jamuna sand islands) in northern part of Bangladesh from October 2009 to March 2010. The study also projected the frequency and determinants of long calving interval (LCI), retention of foetal membrane (RFM), dystocia (D), and abortion (A) in indigenous cattle and explored production trends. Fifty seven dairy households (average breedable cows = 2, range 1 to 3) were visited and data on reproductive, breeding and management histories were collected and statistically analyzed. Overall, 125 breedable indigenous cows were observed to be alive at different stages. The mean (±SE) calving interval were 492 ± 15days and the interval between calving and the initiation of ovarian activity were 143 ± 6.7 days. Birth rate was 53.7 per 100 cows year, with birth been reported to occur in all over of the year. Of the 87 cows that were reported to have calved more than once in their lifetime, 6(6.9%) and 5(5.7%) were associated with abortion and dystocia, respectively. Eight (9.2%) of the animals suffered RFM. All cows were dewormed and supplemented with vitamin-mineral premixes. The body weight of 125 cows and the milk yield of 71 lactating cows were recorded. The mean (± SD) body weight and daily milk yields of the cows during initial and end of veterinary interventions were 121.1 ± 21.0 kg, 1.5 ± 0.1 litres; 165.0 ± 14.0kg and 2.3 ± 0.02 litres, respectively. After productive veterinary interventions, there was an apparent effect of improved health on body weight gain (80g/cow/day) and the average milk yield increased from 1.5 to 2.3 litre/cow. It was concluded that, the present estimate of LCI, birth rate, prevalence of peripartum disorders attributes as the indicators of poor reproductive performances of cows and the productive veterinary health care services improved the general health and production status of the dairy cows in char areas

Credit Risk Management and Its Impact on Performance of Commercial Banks: In of Case Ethiopia

Credit risk management in financial institutions has become more important not only because of the financial transactions performances but also protecting crisis that the industry is experiencing in the bust and somehow in the present. Moreover, it is also a means of or a crucial concept that determine commercial performance for the success, sustainable growth, and consistent profitability. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between credit risk management and its impact on performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia. This study is primarily based on secondary data. Secondary data were collected from nine (09) commercial banks in Ethiopia. The secondary data were obtained from various sources such as Annual Reports of the selected commercial banks, National bank of Ethiopia, relevant articles, books and magazines etc. The panel data of a six year period from 2009 to 2014 from the selected banks were used to examine the relationship between credit risk and performances. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and panel data regression model by using SPSS software version 22 and the Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on equity were used as performance variables and Capital Adequacy Ratio(CAR).Non-Performing Loans to Total Loans (NPLR), Loan provision to Total Loan Ratio(LPTLR), Loan Provision to Non-Performing Loans Ratio (LPNPLR), Loan Provision to Total Assets Ratio(LPTAR) and Non-Performing Loans to Total Loans (NPLTLR) were used as variables of credit risk management. The findings reveal that there is strong relationship between credit risk management and commercial bank performance in Ethiopia. Keywords: Risk Management, Credit Risk, Credit Risk Management, Credit enhancement, CAR, NPLR, ROA, ROE