Мовно-структурні особливості мемуарного тексту Дмитра Дорошенка (на матеріалі «Моїх споминів про давнє минуле» (1901-1914 рр.))

У статті проаналізовано мовно-структурні особливості мемуарного тексту на матеріалі «Моїх споминів про давнє минуле» (1901–1914 рр.) Дмитра Дорошенка і висвітлено специфіку мовної організації цих текстів; зафіксовано активізацію синонімічних лексем; відзначено взаємодію образних й емоційно-оцінних лексем; наведено контексти із синтаксичними архаїзмами й суспільно-політичною лексикою. (In the paper the language-structural features of a memoirs text on the material of Dmytro Doroshenko’s «My memories about the ancient past (1901–1914)» are analyzed and the specific of language organization of these texts is elucidated; the activization of synonymic lexemes is fixed; the interaction of figurative and emotionally estimated lexemes is observed; the contexts with syntactic archaisms and political lexicon are given.

The visualization of history: a new turn in the development of historical cognition

The article was submitted on 20.06.2015.The author analyzes the transformational processes of historical research in the advent of a society of visual culture. The development of visual anthropology became the most obvious factor of the visual turn in historical research, and it studies different manifestations of visuality, using new tools for collecting and registering data (such as a video camera). The increasing popularity of historical films and documentaries, museum installations and historic reconstructions testify to the intensification of the processes of visualization in historical research. The article gives a brief overview of the main stages of the transformation of historical research, including changes in style of language, the expansion of subject matter of research, the update of the resource base and analysis methods in relation to visual sources. The author emphasizes that there is a tendency among historians to use a wide variety of terms that are related to the visual approach (image, appearance, portrait, landscape, etc.). The author focuses on the methodological and methodical aspects of historical-visual studies and considers the methodological approaches towards image reconstruction, mechanisms of image formation, the display of images and the influence of social consciousness and behavior on images. The increase in the amount of modern historical sources is caused by the increasing use of audio-visual sources. Special attention is paid to fictional films as a subtype of audio-visual documents; the author describes their potential and peculiarities of representation. It is noted that when analyzing video documents, it is necessary that the researcher take into account the character of information (images of the present and past). Films based on topics belonging to the same epoch as the researchers are the most attractive ones for analyzing as they contain a considerable amount of information reflecting the peculiarities of material culture, behavioral models and relationships as well as social types. The author demonstrates that to study audio-visual sources it is necessary to use special methods, namely, the method of observation. The article studies its essence, and the methods of its adaptation to the analysis of audio-visual documents. Additionally, the article characterizes the main stages in the employment of the method when analyzing video documents. The study of visual sources forms special skills needed to work with information.Анализируются процессы трансформации исторической науки в условиях формирования общества визуальной культуры. Наиболее очевидным показателем визуального поворота в исторической науке стало стремительное развитие визуальной антропологии, в рамках которой изучаются различные проявления визуальности и используется новый инструментарий сбора и фиксации информации (кинокамера). Об усилении процессов визуализации исторической науки свидетельствует растущая популярность историко-документального кино, музейных инсталляций, исторических реконструкций. Кратко охарактеризованы основные направления трансформации исторической науки, в том числе изменение стиля языка, расширение тематики исследований, обновление источниковой базы и методов анализа визуальных источников. Отмечено широкое использование в словаре историка понятий, связанных с визуальным подходом (образ, облик, портрет, ландшафт и пр.). Основное внимание уделяется методологическим и методическим аспектам историко-визуальных исследований, рассматриваются методологические подходы к реконструкции и механизмам формирования образа; его трансляции; влиянию на общественное сознание и поведение. Расширение современной источниковой базы исторических исследований связано со все более широким использованием аудиовизуальных источников. Особое внимание уделено такой разновидности аудиовизуальных документов, как художественные фильмы, раскрываются их потенциал и особенности репрезентации информации. Отмечено, что при анализе кинодокументов необходимо учитывать прежде всего характер отражения информации (образы «настоящего» или «прошлого»). Наиболее интересными для исторического исследования являются фильмы на современную авторам тему, поскольку они содержат значительный пласт информации, отражающей особенности материальной культуры, поведенческих моделей и отношений, социальных типажей. Показано, что для изучения аудиовизуальных источников необходимо использование особых методов, в частности метода наблюдения. В статье рассмотрены его содержание, проблемы адаптации его к изучению аудио-визуальных документов. Приводится характеристика основных этапов реализации метода наблюдения при изучении кинодокументов. Изучение визуальных источников формирует особые навыки работы с информацией.Тема поддержана грантом РГНФ № 14-01-00352 «Визуальные репрезентации советской деревни в художественном кинематографе 1920-1980-х гг.: источниковедческое исследование»

Relative contributions of the fraction of unfrozen water and of salt concentration to the survival of slowly frozen human erythrocytes

As suspensions of cells freeze, the electrolytes and other solutes in the external solution concentrate progressively, and the cells undergo osmotic dehydration if cooling is slow. The progressive concentration of solute comes about as increasing amounts of pure ice precipitate out of solution and cause the liquid-filled channels in which the cells are sequestered to dwindle in size. The consensus has been that slow freezing injury is related to the composition of the solution in these channels and not to the amount of residual liquid. The purpose of the research reported here was to test this assumption on human erythrocytes. Ordinarily, solute concentration and the amount of liquid in the unfrozen channels are inversely coupled. To vary them independently, one must vary the initial solute concentration. Two solutes were used here: NaCl and the permeating protective additive glycerol. To vary the total initial solute concentration while holding the mass ratio of glycerol to NaCl constant, we had to allow the NaCl tonicity to depart from isotonic. Specifically, human red cells were suspended in solutions with weight ratios of glycerol to NaCl of either 5.42 or 11.26, where the concentrations of NaCl were 0.6, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0 times isotonic. Samples were then frozen to various subzero temperatures, which were chosen to produce various molalities of NaCl (0.24–3.30) while holding the fraction of unfrozen water constant, or conversely to produce various unfrozen fractions (0.03–0.5) while holding the molality of salt constant. (Not all combinations of these values were possible). The following general findings emerged: (a) few cells survived the freezing of greater than 90% of the extracellular water regardless of the salt concentration in the residual unfrozen portion. (b) When the fraction of frozen water was less than 75% the majority of the cells survived even when the salt concentration in the unfrozen portion exceeded 2 molal. (c) Salt concentration affected survival significantly only when the frozen fraction lay between 75 and 90%. To find a major effect on survival of the fraction of water that remains unfrozen was unexpected. It may require major modifications in how cryobiologists view solution-effect injury and its prevention

Stable gravastars with generalised exteriors

New spherically symmetric gravastar solutions, stable to radial perturbations, are found by utilising the construction of Visser and Wiltshire. The solutions possess an anti--de Sitter or de Sitter interior and a Schwarzschild--(anti)--de Sitter or Reissner--Nordstr\"{o}m exterior. We find a wide range of parameters which allow stable gravastar solutions, and present the different qualitative behaviours of the equation of state for these parameters.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures, to appear in Classical and Quantum Gravit

Real Time Relativity: exploration learning of special relativity

Real Time Relativity is a computer program that lets students fly at relativistic speeds though a simulated world populated with planets, clocks, and buildings. The counterintuitive and spectacular optical effects of relativity are prominent, while systematic exploration of the simulation allows the user to discover relativistic effects such as length contraction and the relativity of simultaneity. We report on the physics and technology underpinning the simulation, and our experience using it for teaching special relativity to first year university students

Molecular-beam epitaxy of CrSi_2 on Si(111)

Chromium disilicide layers have been grown on Si(111) in a commercial molecular‐beam epitaxy machine. Thin layers (10 nm) exhibit two epitaxial relationships, which have been identified as CrSi_2(0001)//Si(111) with CrSi_2[1010]//Si[101], and CrSi_2(0001)//Si(111) with CrSi_2[1120]//Si[101]. The latter case represents a 30° rotation of the CrSi_2 layer about the Si surface normal relative to the former case. Thick (210 nm) layers were grown by four different techniques, and the best‐quality layer was obtained by codeposition of Cr and Si at an elevated temperature. These layers are not single crystal; the largest grains are observed in a layer grown at 825 °C and are 1–2 μm across

Langevin Equation for the Rayleigh model with finite-ranged interactions

Both linear and nonlinear Langevin equations are derived directly from the Liouville equation for an exactly solvable model consisting of a Brownian particle of mass $M$ interacting with ideal gas molecules of mass $m$ via a quadratic repulsive potential. Explicit microscopic expressions for all kinetic coefficients appearing in these equations are presented. It is shown that the range of applicability of the Langevin equation, as well as statistical properties of random force, may depend not only on the mass ratio $m/M$ but also by the parameter $Nm/M$, involving the average number $N$ of molecules in the interaction zone around the particle. For the case of a short-ranged potential, when $N\ll 1$, analysis of the Langevin equations yields previously obtained results for a hard-wall potential in which only binary collisions are considered. For the finite-ranged potential, when multiple collisions are important ($N\gg 1$), the model describes nontrivial dynamics on time scales that are on the order of the collision time, a regime that is usually beyond the scope of more phenomenological models.Comment: 21 pages, 1 figure. To appear in Phys. Rev.

Tissue ablation with 100-fs and 200-ps laser pulses

The authors used water and human skin tissue to compare the surgical potential of 100-fs and 200-ps laser pulses. For investigation of threshold behavior of 100-fs and 200-ps pulses, the authors use water as a model for tissue. In addition to having a lower threshold, they find that energy deposition is much more consistent with 100-fs pulses. The authors also compared 100-fs and 200-ps laser pulse effects on the surface and in the bulk of human skin tissue. On the surface, pulses with 100-fs and 200-ps duration leave similar size ablation regions. In the bulk both 100-fs and 200-ps pulses produce cavities, however, 100-fs pulses result in a smaller cavity size. On both the surface and in the bulk 100-fs pulses show less collateral tissue damage than 200-ps pulses.published_or_final_versio

Bogomolnyi Bound with a Cosmological Constant

Bogomolnyi-type bound is constructed for the topological solitons in O(3) nonlinear $\sigma$ model coupled to gravity with a negative cosmological constant. Spacetimes made by self-dual solutions form a class of G\"{o}del-type universe. In the limit of a spinless massive point particle, the obtained stationary metric does not violate the causality and it is a new point particle solution different from the known static hyperboloid and black hole. We also showed that static Nielsen-Olesen vortices saturate Bogomolnyi-type bound only when the cosmological constant vanishes.Comment: 11 pages, RevTe