Active Trachoma among Children in Mali: Clustering and Environmental Risk Factors

Active trachoma is not uniformly distributed in endemic areas, and local environmental factors influencing its prevalence are not yet adequately understood. Determining whether clustering is a consistent phenomenon may help predict likely modes of transmission and help to determine the appropriate level at which to target control interventions. In this work, we estimated the magnitude of clustering at different levels and investigated the influence of socio-economic factors and environmental features on active trachoma prevalence among children in Mali (1996–1997 nationwide survey). Clustering revealed significant results at the child, caretaker, household, and village levels. Moreover, beyond some well-established individual risk factors (age between 3 and 5, dirty face, and flies on the face), we found that temperature, sunshine fraction, and presence of rainy days were negatively associated with active trachoma prevalence. This study clearly indicates the importance of directing control efforts both at children with active trachoma as well as those with close contact, and at communities. These results support facial cleanliness and environmental improvements as population-health initiatives to combat blinding trachoma

Attachment and childhood maltreatment in FAD

Relationships between Food and Alcohol Disturbance and attachment and childhood maltreatmen

A Dominance Analysis Approach Applied to Psychological Factors Associated with Binge Drinking among University Students

International audienc

What really matters in binge drinking: A dominance analysis of binge drinking psychological determinants among University students

International audienceIntroduction: Binge drinking (BD) is a public health concern, especially in young people. Multiple individual factors referring to different level of analyses-positional, inter-individual and intra-individualare associated to BD. As they have mainly been explored separately, little is known about the psychological variables most associated with BD. This study, based on an integrative model considering a large number of variables, aims to estimate these associations and possible dominance of some variables in BD. Methods: A sample of university students (N = 2851) participated in an internet survey-based study. They provided information on alcohol related variables (AUDIT, BD score), positional factors (sex, age), inter-individual factors (subjective norm, social identity, external motivations), and intra-individual factors (internal motivations, meta-cognitions, impulsivity and personality traits). The data were processed via a backward regression analysis including all variables and completed with a dominance analysis on variables that are significantly associated with BD intensity. Results: The strongest variables associated with BD intensity were enhancement motives and drinking identity (average ΔR 2 = 21.81%), followed by alcohol subjective norm and social motives (average ΔR 2 = 13.99%). Other associated variables (average ΔR 2 = 2,84%) were negative metacognition on uncontrollability, sex, coping motives, lack of premeditation, positive metacognition on cognitive self-regulation, positive urgency, lack of perseverance, age, conformity motives and loneliness. Conclusion: Results offer new avenues at the empirical level, by spotting particularly inter-individual psychological variables that should be more thoroughly explored, but also at the clinical level, to elaborate new prevention strategies focusing on these specific factors

A Dominance Analysis Approach Applied to Psychological Factors Associated with Binge Drinking among University Students

International audienc

Barley soil borne mosaic viruses: Identification of predominant viruses affecting yield and malting quality, in order to orientate breeding towards a sustainable resistance

Genetic resistance is the only way to control mosaic damage in winter barley. At least 18 resistance genes are known, but until recently, rym4 was the most used by breeders to control Barley yellow mosaic virus-1 (BaYMV-1), predominant in France and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV). However, since 2009, new significant damage has been observed in malting barley in a widening production area, indicating possible overcoming of resistance, with the development of BaYMV-2. The objectives of the Mosa-hordeum project were to: identify new viruses or pathotypes; develop new detection tools; confirm cultivar resistance observed in field using MB tools; confirm efficiency of resistance genes cited in literary reviews; quantify impact on yield and malting quality. A complete viral inventory was carried out 2013- 2016 on affected barley crops in 108 sites using: real-time PCR; Sanger sequencing; Next-Generation Sequencing; and serological tests. A new tool, based on derived Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences (dCAPS), developed to investigate BaYMV-1 and 2 distributions, demonstrated that BaYMV-2 is predominant (> 95%) in diseased samples. BaYMV-1 and BaMMV were also identified in co-infection with BaYMV-2 on susceptible cultivars. Comparison of yield components, malting and beer quality obtained on healthy/contaminated plots with couples of cultivars revealed variation in yield losses, up to 3t/ha, reduction in number of spikes and kernels/m², smaller kernels, slight increase in protein content and decrease of malt extract. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the rym4 resistance-breaking ability of BaYMV-2 independently evolved on multiple occasions. In limited number of trials, rym5 resistance was overcome by a variant of BaMMV. The implantation of differentials in 21 contaminated trials confirmed the efficiency of 11 resistance genes against the BaYMV-2/BaMMV complex. To monitor BaYMV and BaMMV resistance for registration in the National List real-time PCR appears more efficient than dCAPS. These findings will help breeders achieve sustainable resistance

Barley soil borne mosaic viruses: Identification of predominant viruses affecting yield and malting quality, in order to orientate breeding towards a sustainable resistance

Genetic resistance is the only way to control mosaic damage in winter barley. At least 18 resistance genes are known, but until recently, rym4 was the most used by breeders to control Barley yellow mosaic virus-1 (BaYMV-1), predominant in France and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV). However, since 2009, new significant damage has been observed in malting barley in a widening production area, indicating possible overcoming of resistance, with the development of BaYMV-2. The objectives of the Mosa-hordeum project were to: identify new viruses or pathotypes; develop new detection tools; confirm cultivar resistance observed in field using MB tools; confirm efficiency of resistance genes cited in literary reviews; quantify impact on yield and malting quality. A complete viral inventory was carried out 2013- 2016 on affected barley crops in 108 sites using: real-time PCR; Sanger sequencing; Next-Generation Sequencing; and serological tests. A new tool, based on derived Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences (dCAPS), developed to investigate BaYMV-1 and 2 distributions, demonstrated that BaYMV-2 is predominant (> 95%) in diseased samples. BaYMV-1 and BaMMV were also identified in co-infection with BaYMV-2 on susceptible cultivars. Comparison of yield components, malting and beer quality obtained on healthy/contaminated plots with couples of cultivars revealed variation in yield losses, up to 3t/ha, reduction in number of spikes and kernels/m², smaller kernels, slight increase in protein content and decrease of malt extract. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the rym4 resistance-breaking ability of BaYMV-2 independently evolved on multiple occasions. In limited number of trials, rym5 resistance was overcome by a variant of BaMMV. The implantation of differentials in 21 contaminated trials confirmed the efficiency of 11 resistance genes against the BaYMV-2/BaMMV complex. To monitor BaYMV and BaMMV resistance for registration in the National List real-time PCR appears more efficient than dCAPS. These findings will help breeders achieve sustainable resistance