Public Provision of Private Child Goods

This paper analyzes the public provision of private goods for children in a politicoeconomic model with endogenous fertility. The government provides every child with goods that can also be purchased by parents in private markets, and the level of provision is determined by majority rule. Households with many children benefit from the public provision more than those with fewer children; thus, a political conflict arises between them. The distribution of the number of children across households, which is a crucial factor for determining which group is politically dominant, is endogenously determined by households' fertility decision. The sequential interaction between fertility and political decisions might lead to multiple equilibria: equilibrium with high-fertility and low-private/public-spending-ratio and equilibrium with lowfertility and high-private/public-spending-ratio. Our model could explain the large differences in fertility and structure of child-related spending across countries.Fertility, Publicly Provided Private Goods

Production Structure, Household Time Allocation, and Fertility

This paper develops an overlapping generations model that incorporates two-sector (market and non-market) production, sexual difference, and fertility choice. Our model could explain the joint evolution of production structure, household time allocation, and fertility broadly observed in the 19th and 20th centuries in the Western world as part of a single process of economic development: (i) production has shifted out of households and into the market, (ii) males first increased their labor supply to the market, and then females increased it; married-female participation in wage work outside the home dramatically increased in the latter half of the 20th century, and (iii) there has been the secular decline in fertility over the last 200 years, but there was the temporary rise in the middle of the 20th century (inverted N-shaped fertility dynamics). We also provide the quantitative analysis and examine how well our model replicates the patterns observed in U.S. data.Fertility, Overlapping generations model, Structural change, Gender gap

Japanese Branch Report

On 10 December 2016, the Twentieth Annual Convention of The George Eliot Fellowship of Japan was held in Otani University. The morning session, moderated by Hiroshi Oshima (Hyogo University of Teacher Education), began with an opening address by Yoriko Murase (Otani University). Thereafter, two papers were presented. The first paper \u27The Influence of Adam Smith\u27s Discussion of Sympathy on George Eliot: Reading Si/as Marner with The Theory of Moral Sentiments\u27 was read by Chiyo Fujiwara (Kobe College). The second paper \u27Women\u27s Education inAdam Bede\u27 was read by Chiyuki Kanamaru (Aichi Bunkyo University)

Baby Boom and Baby Bust in Gender-Gap Model: A Quantitative Analysis

This paper explores what factor is important to replicate U.S. fertility transition in the last two centuries. We solve a multiperiod version of the model of Kimura and Yasui (J Econ Growth 15(4):323-351, 2010) numerically, conducting several experiments based on it. We find that the main trend of fertility transition in the last two centuries is attributed to changes in gender division of labor associated with capital accumulation and technological progress, the plunge during 1920-1940 to negative shocks on male labor supply by the World War II, and the upswing during 1940-1965 to an atypical burst of technological progress in household sector.

Suppression of Plasmodium falciparum by serum collected from a case of Plasmodium vivax infection.

BACKGROUND: It has frequently been reported that Plasmodium vivax suppressed Plasmodium falciparum and ameliorated disease severity in patients infected with these two species simultaneously. The authors investigate the hypothesis that immunological responses stimulated by P. vivax may play a role in suppressing co-infecting P. falciparum. METHODS: Sera, taken sequentially from one of the authors (YN) during experimental infection with P. vivax, were added to in vitro cultures of P. falciparum. Cross-reactive antibodies against P. falciparum antigens, and cytokines were measured in the sera. RESULTS: Significant growth inhibitory effects upon P. falciparum cultures (maximally 68% inhibition as compared to pre-illness average) were observed in the sera collected during an acute episode. Such inhibitory effects showed a strong positive temporal correlation with cross-reactive antibodies, especially IgM against P. falciparum schizont extract and, to a lesser degree, IgM against Merozoite Surface Protein (MSP)-119. Interleukin (IL)-12 showed the highest temporal correlation with P. vivax parasitaemia and with body temperatures in the volunteer. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the involvement by cross-reactive antibodies, especially IgM, in the interplay between plasmodial species. IL-12 may be one of direct mediators of fever induction by rupturing P. vivax schizonts, at least in some subjects. Future studies, preferably of epidemiological design, to reveal the association between cross-reactive IgM and cross-plasmodial interaction, are warranted

家族アイデンティティと看護

わが国は世界に例をみない速さで高齢社会を迎え、今なお高齢化は進行し続けている。急速な社会状況の変化に伴い、家族の有り様も変容してきた。本稿では、家族アイデンティティという概念から看護の対象となる家族を捉えることの意義を検討した。家族アイデンティティという概念は、集団としての規模の同定、相互性などの家族機能や家族の適応変化において、家族を看護の対象である個人と集団として深く分析する上で一つの視座を提供すると考えられた

特別養護老人ホーム看護師が捉える家族と家族支援の様相

本研究は，特別養護老人ホームにおいて家族と施設の連携に向け，看護師が捉える家族と家族支援について明らかにすることを目的とした。調査対象は，全国の500施設の看護責任者500名で，分析対象は自由記載欄に記載のあった87名であった。家族支援に関する自由記載の内容は，質的統合法（KJ法）によって分析した。その結果，看護師は，現場で【特養看護師が捉えた入居者家族の思い】と【現場の実情を捉えた特養看護師の思い】から，今までの実践を通して培った【施設としての実践知】とケアの専門的な【施設としての使命感】を基盤にして，施設に求められる実践の最上位の目的として【入居者と家族の安寧の実現】を掲げ，日々の実践としてこれを探求しつつ，【入居者家族と施設の協力関係形成】と【入居者家族と施設の協力環境整備】に取り組んでいくことが入居者家族の支援につながると捉えていた。このことから，家族のニーズと実情を捉えつつ課題に取り組もうとする看護師の家族支援が伺われた

看護教員の実践的思考構造に関する文献的考察―教師の意思決定モデルを用いた検討―

本稿では，既存の教師の意思決定モデルについて概観し，看護教育の臨地実習場面へ思索的に適応することによって，看護教員が流動的な実習等の教育場面で判断を導き出す実践的思考構造について考察を試みた。その結果，既存の教師の意思決定モデルに加えて，次のことを考慮して看護教員の実践的思考構造を志向していくことの必要性が示唆された。1．実践が中心となる実習等では教材自体が流動的で個別的であること，2．流動的で個別的な教育においては教師が有する教育に関連したスキーマによる影響が大きいこと，3．看護教育では成人学習者としての主体性と専門職としての自律性が求められることである。今後は，更に看護教員の実践的思考構造を具体化するため，実際の構造化と妥当性について検証していくことが求められる