L'amministratore di condominio fra tradizione e riforma

La legge 11 dicembre 2012, n. 220 recante “modifiche alla disciplina del condominio negli edifici” in GU Serie Generale n. 293 del 17-12-2012, è stata lo spunto per procedere ad un'analisi riguardo la figura dell'amministratore di condominio. Il ruolo di amministratore è andato evolvendosi con il tempo, tanto da assumere una fisionomia così differente da come era stato concepito nel 1942, che il legislatore ha ritenuto necessaria una Riforma della materia condominio in generale e dell'amministratore in particolare. Uno dei temi intorno ai quali dottrina e giurisprudenza hanno avuto modo di elaborare numerose teorie è quello riguardante la natura giuridica stessa dell'amministratore di condominio. La tesi prevalente e condivisa dalla maggioranza della dottrina vede nella figura dell'amministratore il ruolo di mandatario dell'assemblea, questa teoria sembra oggi trovare sicuri riferimenti nelle modifiche introdotte dalla Riforma, che per la prima volta introduce, negli articoli disciplinanti l'amministratore, rimandi espliciti alla disciplina del mandato. E' da ritenersi, però, che non solo tali riferimenti non assumano rilevanza tale da chiudere il discorso riguardo la natura giuridica dell'amministratore in modo definitivo, ma, se letta nel suo insieme e nelle sue novità, la Riforma delinea una nuova figura di amministratore di condominio che poco ha a che fare con la qualifica di semplice mandatario. In tal senso si è dunque cercato di riproporre una teoria elaborata nel 1992 da Amagliani che sostiene l'esistenza di un contratto (peraltro tipico) di amministrazione di condominio caratterizzante il rapporto assemblea – amministratore. Non solo detta teoria sembra oggi essere ancora valida, a discapito della teoria classica del mandato, ma con la Riforma si sono riconosciuti nuovi obblighi e attribuzioni tali da rendere oggi più che mai lontane e diverse le due figure di amministratore e di mandatario. Una distanza che si accentua maggiormente se si affronta il tema della responsabilità, argomento trattato negli anni soprattutto dalla giurisprudenza. Con la descrizione di alcune importanti sentenze della Corte di cassazione si può descrivere un vero e proprio mutamento di prospettiva a riguardo, verso il riconoscimento di una sempre maggiore e rigorosa responsabilità, anche extracontrattuale, in capo all'amministratore. Infine si è dato conto delle importanti novità riguardanti la nomina e le attribuzioni introdotte con la Riforma, con particolare riferimento ai requisiti imposti oggi per la prima volta dall'ordinamento all'atto della nomina da parte dell'assemblea e delle importanti nuove funzioni attribuite all'amministratore

Synthesis and spectroscopic/DFT structural characterization of coordination compounds of Nb(V) and Ti(IV) with bioactive carboxylic acids

The reactions are reported of NbX5(X = Cl, Br), TiCl4and Ti(OiPr)4with a selection of carboxylic acids exhibiting a known biological role, in a chlorinated solvent. The reactions of NbX5with acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) proceeded with selective deacetylation of the organic reactant and formation of the salicylate complexes NbX4(C7H5O3) (1a, X = Cl; 1b, X = Br) in 60–65% yields. NbCl5reacted with diclofenac and ethacrynic acid (EA-CO2H) to give NbCl3[κ3O,O,N-O2CCH2(C6H4)NC6H3Cl2], 2 (80% yield), and NbCl4(O2C-EA), 3 (72% yield), respectively. Ti(OiPr)4reacted with ethacrynic acid giving Ti(OiPr)2(O2C-EA)2, 4, in 74% yield, as a mixture of two isomers. All the products were characterized by means of analytical and spectroscopic methods, moreover DFT studies were carried out to give insight into structural features

Relationship between front-of-pack labeling and nutritional characteristics of food products: An attempt of an analytical approach

The adoption of supplementary nutrition information, i.e., front-of-pack labeling (FOPL), on pre-packed food products is advocated as a tool to improve the consumers’ knowledge of the nutrient content or the nutritional quality of foods, but also to drive products reformulation by the food industry. Ultimately, FOPL should help people to select foods in order to compose an overall balanced diet, which is essential for health. However, the extent to which the different FOPL systems proposed in the European Union (EU) (interpretative or informative) are effectively able to convey the information useful to improve both food choices and dietary habits of the consumers is still under debate and needs to be analyzed in detail. The use of 3 FOPL schemes proposed within the EU (Nutri-Score, Keyhole and NutrInform Battery) to compare products available on the Italian market within different food categories, highlights some critical issues: (1) different FOPL provide to consumers different kinds of information; (2) systems based on similar theoretical approaches can provide conflicting information; (3) the algorithms on which interpretative FOPL are based can give the same summary information for products differing in nutrient composition, impact on the overall dietary balance and therefore on the health of people with different characteristics, physiological/pathological conditions, and nutritional requirements; (4) on the other hand, products with similar nutrient composition can obtain different interpretative FOPL; (5) informative systems are generally more complex and require greater both attention and knowledge from the consumer; (6) FOPL based on 100 g of product overlook the role of portion (and frequency of consumption) in determining the nutrient intake without informing on the contribution of a single food to the overall diet; (7) FOPL based on scoring systems could promote the reformulation of selected products, especially with a composition very close to the threshold limits; (8) for the portion-based informative FOPL systems, the incentive for reformulation could essentially involve the reduction of portion size. Finally, the importance of nutritional education interventions, which are required to encourage the use by consumers of informative FOPL systems, cannot be neglected to improve the quality of diets regardless of the FOPL used

Stem Cell Fate and Immunomodulation Promote Bone Regeneration via Composite Bio-Oss®/AviteneTM Biomaterial

Bone defects in maxillofacial regions lead to noticeable deformity and dysfunctions. Therefore, the use of biomaterials/scaffolds for maxillofacial bone regrowth has been attracting great interest from many surgical specialties and experts. Many approaches have been devised in order to create an optimal bone scaffold capable of achieving desirable degrees of bone integration and osteogenesis. Osteogenesis represents a complex physiological process involving multiple cooperating systems. A tight relationship between the immune and skeletal systems has lately been established using the concept of “osteoimmunology,” since various molecules, particularly those regulating immunological and inflammatory processes, are shared. Inflammatory mediators are now being implicated in bone remodeling, according to new scientific data. In this study, a profiler PCR array was employed to evaluate the expression of cytokines and chemokines in human adipose derived-mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) cultured on porous hydroxylapatite (HA)/Collagen derived Bio-Oss® /Avitene scaffolds, up to day 21. In hASCs grown on the Bio-Oss® /Avitene biomaterial, 12 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be up-regulated, together with 12 DEG downregulated. Chemokine CCL2, which affects bone metabolism, tested down-regulated. Interestingly, the Bio-Oss® /Avitene induced the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory interleukin IL-6. In conclusion, our investigation carried out on the Bio-Oss® /Avitene scaffold indicates that it could be successfully employed in maxillofacial surgery. Indeed, this composite material has the advantage of being customized on the basis of the individual patients favoring a novel personalized medicine approach

Pattern and distribution of extracellular matrix proteins in human reparative dentin by an immunohistochemical approach

Dentin is a large and complex component of the tooth synthesized by odontoblasts during the process of dentinogenesis. Dentin formed, before the completion of root formation, is define primary dentin (PD), while dentin formed after and associated with the normal aging process is designated secondary dentin (SD). Tertiary dentin (TD) is produced in reaction to external noxious stimulus/injury, such as attrition or dental caries, adjacent to the preexisting dentin layer and further classified reparative dentin (RD) (1, 2). Aim this study was to compare pattern and distribution of extracellular matrix proteins, produced by odontoblast cells during dentin mineralization and during reparative process, in response to stimulus in human sound dentin vs human reparative dentin matrix. Sixteen sound carious human molars were selected, demineralized, fixed in paraformaldehyde and then processed for immunohistochemical approach to detect extracellular matrix proteins. In particular specimens were submitted to an immunolabeling technique by using primary antibodies anti dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteoponti (OPN). Results indicate that the region of the exposed pulp, formed a layer of reparative dentin bridge sealing the communication between the cavity and pulp chamber. In addition results indicate that in RD is present a lower levels of DMP1 and DSP than PD layer, while BSP and OPN are present in RD but absent in PD layer. The expression of BSP and OPN in RD indicates that the odontoblast-like cells were attempting to produce a hard tissue at a very rapid process. In according with previous scientific literature, our results suggested that the deposition of OPN and BSP at the calcification front is essential for the type I collagen secretion by newly differentiated odontoblast-like cells to form reparative dentin during pulpal healing following cavity preparation

Genetics and Epigenetics of Bone Remodeling and Metabolic Bone Diseases

Bone metabolism consists of a balance between bone formation and bone resorption, which is mediated by osteoblast and osteoclast activity, respectively. In order to ensure bone plasticity, the bone remodeling process needs to function properly. Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into the osteoblast lineage by activating different signaling pathways, including transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and the Wingless/Int-1 (Wnt)/β-catenin pathways. Recent data indicate that bone remodeling processes are also epigenetically regulated by DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and non-coding RNA expressions, such as micro-RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs. Mutations and dysfunctions in pathways regulating the osteoblast differentiation might influence the bone remodeling process, ultimately leading to a large variety of metabolic bone diseases. In this review, we aim to summarize and describe the genetics and epigenetics of the bone remodeling process. Moreover, the current findings behind the genetics of metabolic bone diseases are also reporte

Hydroxylapatite-collagen hybrid scaffold induces human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells to osteogenic differentiation in vitro and bone regrowth in patients

Tissue engineering-based bone graft is an emerging viable treatment modality to repair and regenerate tissues damaged as a result of diseases or injuries. The structure and composition of scaffolds should modulate the classical osteogenic pathways in human stem cells. The osteoinductivity properties of the hydroxylapatite-collagen hybrid scaffold named Coll/Pro Osteon 200 were investigated in an in vitro model of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs), whereas the clinical evaluation was carried out in maxillofacial patients. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by the scaffold were analyzed using the Osteogenesis RT2 PCR Array. The osteoinductivity potential of the scaffold was also investigated by studying the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, matrix mineralization, osteocalcin (OCN), and CLEC3B expression protein. Fifty patients who underwent zygomatic augmentation and bimaxillary osteotomy were evaluated clinically, radiologically, and histologically during a 3-year follow-up. Among DEGs, osteogenesis-related genes, including BMP1/2, ALP, BGLAP, SP7, RUNX2, SPP1, and EGFR, which play important roles in osteogenesis, were found to be upregulated. The genes to cartilage condensation SOX9, BMPR1B, and osteoclast cells TNFSF11 were detected upregulated at every time point of the investigation. This scaffold has a high osteoinductivity revealed by the matrix mineralization, ALP activity, OCN, and CLEC3B expression proteins. Clinical evaluation evidences that the biomaterial promotes bone regrowth. Histological results of biopsy specimens from patients showed prominent ossification. Experimental data using the Coll/Pro Osteon 200 indicate that clinical evaluation of bone regrowth in patients, after scaffold implantation, was supported by DEGs implicated in skeletal development as shown in "in vitro" experiments with hASCs

Anti-leukemia activity of alloreactive NK cells in KIR ligand-mismatched haploidentical HSCT for pediatric patients: evaluation of the functional role of activating KIR and redefinition of inhibitory KIR specificity.

none15We analyzed 21 children with leukemia receiving haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) from killer immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (KIR) ligand-mismatched donors. We showed that, in most transplantation patients, variable proportions of donor-derived alloreactive natural killer (NK) cells displaying anti-leukemia activity were generated and maintained even late after transplantation. This was assessed through analysis of donor KIR genotype, as well as through phenotypic and functional analyses of NK cells, both at the polyclonal and clonal level. Donor-derived KIR2DL1(+) NK cells isolated from the recipient displayed the expected capability of selectively killing C1/C1 target cells, including patient leukemia blasts. Differently, KIR2DL2/3(+) NK cells displayed poor alloreactivity against leukemia cells carrying human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles belonging to C2 group. Unexpectedly, this was due to recognition of C2 by KIR2DL2/3, as revealed by receptor blocking experiments and by binding assays of soluble KIR to HLA-C transfectants. Remarkably, however, C2/C2 leukemia blasts were killed by KIR2DL2/3(+) (or by NKG2A(+)) NK cells that coexpressed KIR2DS1. This could be explained by the ability of KIR2DS1 to directly recognize C2 on leukemia cells. A role of the KIR2DS2 activating receptor in leukemia cell lysis could not be demonstrated. Altogether, these results may have important clinical implications for the selection of optimal donors for haplo-HSCT.openPENDE D; MARCENARO S; FALCO M; MARTINI S; BERNARDO ME; MONTAGNA D; ROMEO E; COGNET C; MARTINETTI M; MACCARIO R; MINGARI MC; VIVIER E; MORETTA L; LOCATELLI F; MORETTA A.Pende, D; Marcenaro, S; Falco, M; Martini, S; Bernardo, Me; Montagna, Daniela; Romeo, E; Cognet, C; Martinetti, M; Maccario, R; Mingari, Mc; Vivier, E; Moretta, L; Locatelli, Franco; Moretta, A

Hydroxylapatite-collagen hybrid scaffold induces human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells to osteogenic differentiation in vitro and bone regrowth in patients

Tissue engineering-based bone graft is an emerging viable treatment modality to repair and regenerate tissues damaged as a result of diseases or injuries. The structure and composition of scaffolds should modulate the classical osteogenic pathways in human stem cells. The osteoinductivity properties of the hydroxylapatite-collagen hybrid scaffold named Coll/Pro Osteon 200 were investigated in an in vitro model of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs), whereas the clinical evaluation was carried out in maxillofacial patients. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by the scaffold were analyzed using the Osteogenesis RT2 PCR Array. The osteoinductivity potential of the scaffold was also investigated by studying the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, matrix mineralization, osteocalcin (OCN), and CLEC3B expression protein. Fifty patients who underwent zygomatic augmentation and bimaxillary osteotomy were evaluated clinically, radiologically, and histologically during a 3-year follow-up. Among DEGs, osteogenesis-related genes, including BMP1/2, ALP, BGLAP, SP7, RUNX2, SPP1, and EGFR, which play important roles in osteogenesis, were found to be upregulated. The genes to cartilage condensation SOX9, BMPR1B, and osteoclast cells TNFSF11 were detected upregulated at every time point of the investigation. This scaffold has a high osteoinductivity revealed by the matrix mineralization, ALP activity, OCN, and CLEC3B expression proteins. Clinical evaluation evidences that the biomaterial promotes bone regrowth. Histological results of biopsy specimens from patients showed prominent ossification. Experimental data using the Coll/Pro Osteon 200 indicate that clinical evaluation of bone regrowth in patients, after scaffold implantation, was supported by DEGs implicated in skeletal development as shown in "in vitro" experiments with hASCs

Enhancement of the Biological and Mechanical Performances of Sintered Hydroxyapatite by Multiple Ions Doping

In the present work, hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles doped with Mg2+, Sr2+, and Zn2+ ions are developed by wet neutralization method and then sintered at 1,250°C to obtain bulk consolidated materials. Physicochemical and microstructural analyses show that the presence of doping ions in the HA structure induced the formation of βTCP as secondary phase, during the sintering process, and we found that this effect is depending on the stability of the various doping ions in the hydroxyapatite lattice itself. We also found that the formation of βTCP as secondary phase, in turn, confines the grain growth of HA induced by the high-temperature sintering process, thus leading to a strong increase of the flexural strength of the bulk materials, according to Hall-Petch-like law. Furthermore, we found that the doping ions enter also in the structure of the βTCP phase; besides the grain growth confinement, also the solubility and ion release ability of the final materials were enhanced. In addition to ameliorate the mechanical performance, the described phenomena also activate multiple biofunctionalities: (i) ability to upregulate various genes involved in the osteogenesis, as obtained by human adipose stem cells culture and evaluated by array technology; (ii) enhanced resistance to the adhesion and proliferation of Gram+ and Gram– bacterial strains. Hence, our results open a perspective for the use of sintered multiple ion-doped HA to develop ceramic biodevices, such as plates, screws, or other osteosynthesis media, with enhanced strength, osteointegrability, and the ability to prevent post-surgical infections