Analisis Faktor Individu, Faktor Organisasi dan Kelelahan Kerja Terhadap Stres Kerja Pada Perawat (Studi di Ruang Rawat Inap Kelas III RSU dr. H. Koesnadi Kabupaten Bondowoso) (Analysis of Individual Factors, Organization Factor and Occupational Fatigue W

Hospital is a health service place. The service claims can create some danger like work stress. Based on the preliminary studies that has been done at General Hospital dr.H Koesnadi, Bondowoso district , found that 67 % nurses experienced the occupational fatigue and work stress. The work stress is influenced by some factors like individual factors (gender, age, length of service and level of education), organization factor like work shift and occupational fatigue in the hospital's employee. Human resource has potential about the work stress of nurse in handly the patient directly. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relation between individual factors, organization factor and occupational fatigue in the work stress. The method that used in this research is analytical observation with the cross sectional design. The sampel of this research is 46 respondents that spread over 5 inpatient room 3rd grade.The result of this research showed that there was a significant relation between individual factors and work stress (p = 0,004), the relation between the organization factor and the work stress (p = 0,038). It is also known that there was a relation between occupational fatigue with the work stress (p = 0,047) Keywords: Individual Factors, Organization Factors, Occupatiunal Fatigue, Work Stres

Therapeutic effects of hydro-ethanolic extract of nigella sativa (black seed) on some haematological parameters of Albino rats after lead exposure

Lead poisoning is a great public health concern in Africa and Nigeria, especially regions where illegal mining activities occurs such as widespread gold ore mining in Zamfara by artisan miners using rudimentary and unsafe processing techniques. Lead (Pb) which often have no biological function remain in the system causes havoc and distortion of normal physiologic functions. Currently, the toxic effects of lead poisoning are clinically treated using chelation therapy which have been associated with many side effects and setbacks. Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been used as a major source of treatment for numerous human diseases. Plants that possess hematinic and antioxidant properties in the plant kingdom are often used in such scenarios. One of such plants is Nigella sativa commonly known as black cumin. Objectives: In this study, therapeutic effects of hydroethanolic extracts of Nigella sativa was assessed on hematological parameters of lead- poisoned albino rats as a curative therapy for management of lead poisoning. Method: Thirty- five (35) adult albino wistar rats of both sexes were used for this study. Group I (Normal control) received 2ml/kg of distilled water, Group II (Negative control), Group III treated with 10 mg/kg of Meso-2,3 Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), IV treated with 200 mg/kg of Nigella sativa seed extract, V treated with 400 mg/kg of Nigella sativa seed extract, and VI treated with 800mg/kg of Nigella sativa seed extract for Group VII (Recovery) were allowed to recover without treatment. The study lasted for a duration of 21days. Blood samples were collected from the rats through cardiac puncture after anesthetizing the animals and analysed for haematological parameters which included RBC count, PCV, Hb concentration, platelet count, WBC profile and haematological indices using an automated digital blood analyser. Results: Nigella sativa seed extract significantly (P<0.05) reversed the adverse effect of Lead exposure on RBC count, PCV, Hb concentration, platelet count, WBC profile and haematological indices. Conclusion: Nigella sativa showed therapeutic effects on hematological parameters and indices of lead poisoned albino rats

Continuing Education: Atrial fibrillation: Current trends in management

Quite a number of dramatic interventional advances in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias such as catheter ablation and implantable cardiac defibrillators for serious ventricular arrhythmias have held the limelight over the last few years. The treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF), which remains the commonest arrhythmia affecting 0.5% of people aged 50-59 years increasing to 12% at age above 74years, has received relatively little attention. There is however, a recent resurgence of interest following some important experimental and therapeutic advances. This article reviews the current understanding of the nature of atrial fibrillation (AF) and some recent developments in the pharmacological and alternative therapeutic approaches. Key Words: Atrial fibrillation, treatment Annals of African Medicine Vol.3(2) 2004: 98-10

WANITA NELAYAN: SANITASI DAN USAHA KESEHATAN KELUARGA

Indonesia adalah negara maritim dengan panjang garis pantai sepanjang 108.000 km. Profesi nelayan menjadi pilihan masyarakat yang tinggal dikawasan pesisir. Wanita nelayan adalah istri nelayan yang berperan dalam keberlangsungan rumah tangga nelayan. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggambarkan peran wanita nelayan dalam upaya sanitasi serta kesehatan dan keselamatan keluarga. Metode penelitian adalah observasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Data dianalisa secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Responden penelitian ini adalah wanita nelayan dengan kepala rumah tangga nelayan yang masih aktif melaut sebanyak 60 orang responden dan berdomisili di Desa Jangkar, Kabupaten Situbondo, Jawa Timur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata usia responen adalah 35 tahun dengan pendidikan sebagian besar lulus Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP), memiliki aktivitas ekonomi untuk membantu keuangan keluarga. Responden memiliki harapan yang tinggi untuk anak anak mereka untuk dapat bersekolah hingga perguruan tinggi, lebih memilih pendidikan berbasis agama, dan ingin memiliki 3 orang anak pada setiap keluarga. Pelayanan kesehatan yang dipilih keluarga adalah puskesmas, serta melakukan pemantauan kelengkapan imunisasi anak. Responden berperan dalam upaya keselamatan kepala keluarga saat melaut dengan mengingatkan penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri, waktu istirahat, mempersiapkan kelengkapan melaut, menyediakan menu yang bergizi maupun suplemen supaya tetap bugar saat melaut. Kondisi sanitasi dan hygiene masih kurang, karena masih membakar sampah, dan memiliki aluran air limbah tidak sanitair. Perlu peningkatan pendidikan supaya mampu mendukung diversitas usaha yang lebih menguntungkan secara ekonomi, serta peningkatan sarana sanitasi, serta perlu pelatihan cara mengolah sampah rumah tangga berbasis peningkatan ekonomi untuk menurunkan beban pencemaran lingkungan pesisir sekaligus dapat membantu peningkatan pendapatan

Ameliorative effects of selenium and vitamin e supplementation on some haematological parameters and red blood cell osmotic fragilty in wistar rats subjected to water immersion restraint stress

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on some haematological parameters and red blood cell osmotic fragility in Wistar rats subjected to water immersion restraint stress (WRS) (n= 35). Male Wistar rats, weighing 200-220 g were divided in to five groups of seven rats each, viz: (i) passive control (non-stress rats), (ii) active control (WRS + distilled water), (iii) WRS + vitamin E, (iv) WRS + vitamin E + selenium, and (v) WRS + selenium. The WRS procedure lasted for 3.5 hours. Blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture for the investigation of some haematological parameters and red blood cell osmotic fragility. The results of the present study showed that there were no significant changes (P > 0.05) in PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, Lymphocytes and monocytes and there was a significant decrease(P > 0.05) in neutrophil count in response to WRS for 3.5 hours. Some of the haematological values (PCV, RBC, WBC, Hb, neutrophils and lymphocytes) showed significant increase (P < 0.001) in selenium and vitamin E pre-treated groups. The result of the erythrocyte osmotic fragility showed that 3.5 hours of WRS increased haemolysis in the rats. The percentage haemolysis was significantly highest in the active control group. Pre-treatment with selenium and vitamin E decreased the percentage haemolysis significantly. It was concluded that acute WRS exposure for 3.5 hours did not exert considerable effects on blood-forming organs, such that there was no inhibition of erythropoiesis and consequently, haemosynthesis.The MCV, MCH and MCHC remain normal because there was no significant destruction in RBC (size and shape) and decrease in haemoglobin content in the active controls and the decrease in neutrophil count was because neutrophils were involved in phagocytosis,during which some of the neutrophils have ruptured. The erythrocytes were susceptible to oxidative stress. Administration of selenium and vitamin E singly or in combination ameliorated WRS-induced changes of the abovestudied parameters.Keywords: Erythrocyte, Haemolysis, Neutrophil, Stress, Selenium, Vitamin E, Water immersion

Antisecretory and antiulcerative effects of ethyl acetate fraction of Nigella sativa (L.) Seed extract in rats

The present work was carried out to investigate the possible effects of ethyl acetate seed fraction of Nigella sativa on gastric ulcers and basal gastric secretions using the Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug-induced (NSAID) model. Phytochemical screening according to Trease and Evans, 2002 and acute toxicity tests using the Lorke’s Method, 1983 were conducted. For the mucosal integrity study, ulcer and preventive indices were analysed, while volume of gastric juice, titratable acidity, acid output and pepsin concentration were assessed for basal gastric secretion parameters. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glucocinolates amongst others, while the acute toxicity studies revealed a median lethal dose above 5000mg/kg. The rats were grouped into 9 (n = 5), with the extract fraction administered at 50, 100 and 200mg/kg subcutaneously, followed by pyloric ligation with cimetidine used as the standard drug. Five rats received normal saline 1ml/kg/rat subcutaneously (S.C) as Negative Control, Five rats received indomethacin (20 mg/kg S.C), Ten rats for the study of the effect of two different doses of cimetidine 50 and 100 mg/kg S.C (5 rats for each dose). Ten rats for the study of effect of two different doses of cimetidine (50 mg and 100 mg/kg) S.C, given 30 minutes prior to indomethacin administration (5 rats for each dose). The three experimental doses of the extract at 50,100 and 200mg/kg showed a dosedependent decrease in both ulcer and preventive indices with the 200mg/kg dose at 0.6mm and 94% respectively. It also showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in volume of gastric juice, titratable acidity, acid output and pepsin concentration in dose-dependent manner with the three experimental doses administered with the highest reduction at the 200mg/kg dose. The results obtained suggest that this fraction down-regulated all those parameters which might be attributed to the presence of the phytoconstituents present in this fraction, particularly the flavonoids. Therefore, the extract fraction of this plant possesses gastroprotective activity further explaining the folkloric use of this plant in the therapy of peptic ulcer disease.Keywords: Antiulcerative, Antisecretory, Nigella sativa, Phytochemicals, Rats, Seed Extracts

Assessment of Chemical Inhibitor Addition to Improve the Gas Production from Biowaste

The coexistence of sulphate-reducing bacteria and methanogenic archaea in the reactors during the anaerobic digestion from sulphate-containing waste could favor the accumulation of sulfide on the biogas, and therefore reduce its quality. In this study, the effect of sulphate-reducing bacteria inhibitor (MoO−2 4 ) addition in a two phase system from sulphate-containing municipal solid waste to improve the quality of the biogas has been investigated. The results showed that although SRB and sulphide production decreased, the use of inhibitor was not effective to improve the anaerobic digestion in a two phase system from sulphate-containing waste, since a significant decrease on biogas and organic matter removal were observed. Before MoO−2 4 addition the average values of volatile solid were around 12 g/kg, after 5 days of inhibitor use, those values did exceed to 28 g/kg. Molybdate caused acidification in the reactor and it was according to decrease in the pH values. In relation to microbial consortia, the effect of inhibitor was a decrease in Bacteria (44%; 60% in sulphate-reducing bacteria) and Archaea (38%) population

Psychosocial care for adult cancer patients: guidelines of the Italian Medical Oncology Association

SIMPLE SUMMARY: People with cancer often experience psychological and social needs, related to their disease and treatments, that can negatively impact quality of life. Various social interventions can be helpful but are not always offered to patients who would benefit from them. This guideline aims to help oncology professionals address the psychosocial aspects of their adult patients and of those who care for them. It was compiled by a multidisciplinary panel, including patients, using rigorous methodology. Topics include patient information and communication, screening and management of psychosocial needs, and caregiver support. In particular, evidence emphasizes that nurses play a central role in providing psychosocial care and information for cancer patients, and that Physician communication skills must be improved with specific evidence-based training. In addition, psychosocial needs must be promptly detected and managed, especially with appropriate non-pharmacological interventions. ABSTRACT: Psychosocial morbidity can have negative consequences for cancer patients, including maladaptive coping, poor treatment adherence, and lower quality of life. Evidence shows that psychosocial interventions can positively impact quality of life, as well as symptoms and side effects; however, they are not always offered to patients who might benefit from them. These guidelines were produced by a multidisciplinary panel of 16 experts, including patients, following GRADE methodology. The panel framed clinical questions and voted on outcomes to investigate. Studies identified by rigorous search strategies were assessed to rate certainty of evidence, and recommendations were formulated by the panel. Although the quality of the evidence found was generally moderate, interventions could be recommended aimed at improving patient information, communication with healthcare professionals and involvement in decision-making; detecting and managing patient psychosocial needs, particularly with non-pharmacological therapy; and supporting families of patients with advanced cancer. The role of nurses as providers of information and psychosocial care is stressed. Most recommended interventions do not appear to necessitate new services or infrastructures, and therefore do not require allocation of additional resources, but predominantly involve changes in clinical staff behavior and/or ward organization. Patients should be made aware of psychosocial care standards so that they can expect to receive them

Multisensory information facilitates reaction speed by enlarging activity difference between superior colliculus hemispheres in rats

Animals can make faster behavioral responses to multisensory stimuli than to unisensory stimuli. The superior colliculus (SC), which receives multiple inputs from different sensory modalities, is considered to be involved in the initiation of motor responses. However, the mechanism by which multisensory information facilitates motor responses is not yet understood. Here, we demonstrate that multisensory information modulates competition among SC neurons to elicit faster responses. We conducted multiunit recordings from the SC of rats performing a two-alternative spatial discrimination task using auditory and/or visual stimuli. We found that a large population of SC neurons showed direction-selective activity before the onset of movement in response to the stimuli irrespective of stimulation modality. Trial-by-trial correlation analysis showed that the premovement activity of many SC neurons increased with faster reaction speed for the contraversive movement, whereas the premovement activity of another population of neurons decreased with faster reaction speed for the ipsiversive movement. When visual and auditory stimuli were presented simultaneously, the premovement activity of a population of neurons for the contraversive movement was enhanced, whereas the premovement activity of another population of neurons for the ipsiversive movement was depressed. Unilateral inactivation of SC using muscimol prolonged reaction times of contraversive movements, but it shortened those of ipsiversive movements. These findings suggest that the difference in activity between the SC hemispheres regulates the reaction speed of motor responses, and multisensory information enlarges the activity difference resulting in faster responses