Topological density fluctuations and gluon condensate around confining string in Yang-Mills theory

We study the structure of the confining string in Yang-Mills theory using the method of the field strength correlators. The method allows us to demonstrate that both the local fluctuations of the topological charge and the gluon condensate are suppressed in the vicinity of the string axis in agreement with results of lattice simulations.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, RevTeX 4.

Chiral symmetry breaking in confining theories and asymptotic limits of operator product expansion

The pattern of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking (CSB) in confining background fields is analyzed. It is explicitly demonstrated how to get the inverse square root large proper time asymptotic of the operator product expansion which is needed for CSB.Comment: LaTeX, 20 pages; minor revision

Yang-Mills theory in Landau gauge as a liquid crystal

Using a spin-charge separation of the gluon field in the Landau gauge we show that the SU(2) Yang-Mills theory in the low-temperature phase can be considered as a nematic liquid crystal. The ground state of the nematic crystal is characterized by the A^2 condensate of the gluon field. The liquid crystal possesses various topological defects (instantons, monopoles and vortices) which are suggested to play a role in non-perturbative features of the theory.Comment: 9 pages, no figure

Gluodynamics in external field in dual superconductor approach

We show that gluodynamics in an external Abelian electromagnetic field should possess a deconfining phase transition at zero temperature. Our analytical estimation of the critical external field is based on the dual superconductor picture which is formulated in the Euclidean space suitable for lattice calculations. A dual superconductor model corresponding to the SU(2) gluodynamics possesses confinement and deconfinement phases below and, respectively, above the critical field. A dual superconductor model for the SU(3) gauge theory predicts a rich phase structure containing confinement, asymmetric confinement and deconfinement phases. The quark bound states in these phases are analyzed. Inside the baryon the strings are Y--shaped as predicted by the dual superconductor picture. This shape is geometrically asymmetric in the asymmetric confinement phases. The results of the paper can be used to check the dual superconductor mechanism in gluodynamics.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures, LaTeX2e; v2: minor corrections, to be published in Phys.Lett.

Short Strings and Gluon Propagator in the Infrared Region

We discuss how infrared region influence on short distance physics via new object, called ``short string''. This object exists in confining theories and violates the operator product expansion. Most analytical results are obtained for the dual Abelian Higgs theory, while phenomenological arguments are given for QCD.Comment: LATTICE99(confine) - 6 page

Photodegradation of some 14,15-bisnorlabdene-13-ones, derived from larixol. Synthesis of drimanic dienes with functional groups at C-6

Valuable chiral drimanic dienic synthons have been prepared by a photolytic Norrish type II degradation of the corresponding 14,15-bisnorlabdene-13-ones. Minor by-products with unexpected bi- and tricyclic structures were formed and some of them were isolated and identifie

ВНУТРЕННЯЯ ФИКСАЦИЯ НЕСТАБИЛЬНЫХ ПЕРЕЛОМОВ ТАЗА (ОПЫТ ОПЕРАТИВНОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ)

Over the past 3 years, an analysis of surgical treatment of 48 patients with unstable fractures of pelvic bones has been performed. The study group included patients with type B3, C2, and C3 fractures according to AO classification. The average follow-up period after the operation was 1 year. Evaluation of the results of treatment was carried out on the basis of clinical examination, the analysis of radiographs and Mattis evaluation scale. Good results (76%) were obtained in patients with pelvic fractures type B3, C2, according to the AO classification. The number of satisfactory and unsatisfactory results of 15% and 9%, respectively, was obtained in patients in the group with the heaviest damage type C3. Complications of festering, impaired stability of fixation with loss of reposition were observed in 5 people (9%), two patients from the 3rd group died. The obtained data allows to draw a conclusion that submersible osteosynthesis using various designs performed at the earliest possible time (damage control) remains the gold standard for today in the treatment of unstable fractures of the pelvis. The greatest number of complications was observed in the group of vertically unstable fractures of the pelvis C3. The data obtained correlates to a certain extent with the data of domestic and foreign literature.За последние 3 года проведен анализ оперативного лечения 48 пациентов с нестабильными переломами костей таза. В группу исследования были включены пациенты с переломами типов В3, С2, С3 по классификации А.О. Средний срок наблюдения после операции составил 1 год. Оценка результатов лечения проводилась на основании клинического осмотра, анализа рентгенограмм, оценочной шкалы Маттиса. Хорошие результаты (76%) получены у пациентов с переломами таза тип В3, С2, по классификации А.О. Количество удовлетворительных и неудовлетворительных результатов - 15% и 9% соответственно - получено у пациентов в группе с самыми тяжелыми повреждениями тип С3. Осложнения в виде нагноений, нарушения стабильности фиксации с потерей репозиции наблюдались у 5 человек (9%), два пациента из 3 группы скончались. Полученные данные позволяют сделать вывод о том, что погружной остеосинтез с использованием различных конструкций, выполненный в максимально возможные ранние сроки (damage control) остается на сегодняшний момент золотым стандартом в лечении нестабильных переломов таза. Наибольшее количество осложнений наблюдалось в группе вертикально нестабильных переломов таза С3. Полученные данные в определенной степени коррелируют с данными отечественной и зарубежной литературы

Evolution of Oxygen Metal Electron Transfer and Metal Electronic States During Manganese Oxide Catalyzed Water Oxidation Revealed with In Situ Soft X Ray Spectroscopy

Manganese oxide (MnOx) electrocatalysts are examined herein by in situ soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering (RIXS) during the oxidation of water buffered by borate (pH 9.2) at potentials from 0.75 to 2.25 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode. Correlation of L‐edge XAS data with previous mechanistic studies indicates MnIV is the highest oxidation state involved in the catalytic mechanism. MnOx is transformed into birnessite at 1.45 V and does not undergo further structural phase changes. At potentials beyond this transformation, RIXS spectra show progressive enhancement of charge transfer transitions from oxygen to manganese. Theoretical analysis of these data indicates increased hybridization of the Mn−O orbitals and withdrawal of electron density from the O ligand shell. In situ XAS experiments at the O K‐edge provide complementary evidence for such a transition. This step is crucial for the formation of O2 from water