Unsteady magnetoconvective flow of bionanofluid with zero mass flux boundary condition

Induced magnetic field stagnation point flow for unsteady two-dimensional laminar forced convection of water based nanofluid containing microorganisms along a vertical plate has been investigated. We have incorporated zero mass flux boundary condition to get physically realistic results. The boundary layer equations with three independent variables are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations by using appropriate similarity transformations. The derived equations are then solved numerically by using Maple which use the fourth-fifth order Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg algorithm to solve the system of similarity differential equations. The effects of the governing parameters on the dimensionless velocity, induced magnetic field, temperature, nanoparticle volume fraction, density of motile microorganisms, skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and motile density of microorganisms transfer rate are illustrated graphically and tabular form. It is found that the controlling parameters strongly affect the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics. We compare our numerical results with published results for some limiting cases and found excellent agreement

Association and expression of CYP2A6 and KIF12 genes related to lamb flavour and odour

Cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily A, polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6) and kinesin-like protein KIF12 (KIF12) genes are predicted as candidate genes which play important roles in lamb flavour and odour. The aim of this study was to analyse the genotype polymorphism of CYP2A6 and KIF12 genes, to study association and expression of these genes with lamb flavour and odour. Identification of genes polymorphism and associations of CYP2A6 and KIF12 genes were performed using PCR-RFLP method and GLM analysis. The PCR-RFLP products of CYP2A6 and KIF12 were digested by restriction enzyme BsmAI and BfaI, respectively. The expression of CYP2A6 gene was performed using qRT-PCR. The results showed that the CYP2A6 and KIF12 genes were polymorphics. The CYP2A6 gene found to have two genotypes (TT and GT), whereas the KIF12 gene found to have three genotypes (CC, CT, and TT). The CYP2A6 and KIF12 genes were in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE). Association analysis showed that CYP2A6 (g.49170107 G>T) was significantly (PT) was not significantly associated with lamb flavour and odour. The GT genotype exhibited a greater 3-methylindole (MI) or skatole than the TT genotype (P<0.05). The mRNA expression analysis showed that CYP2A6 mRNA expression was higher (P<0.01) in animals with the TT genotype. These results will improve the understanding of the functions of the CYP2A6 in lamb flavour and odour, especially in term of 3-methylindole (MI) or skatole compound within the liver and will shed light on CYP2A6 as a candidate in the selection of sheep with low lamb flavour and odour

Association study and expression analysis of olfactomedin like 3 gene related to meat quality, carcass characteristics, retail meat cut, and fatty acid composition in sheep

Objective The objective of this study was to identify polymorphism in olfactomedin like 3 (OLFML3) gene, and association analysis with meat quality, carcass characteristics, retail meat cut, and fatty acid composition in sheep, and expression quantification of OLFML3 gene in phenotypically divergent sheep. Methods A total of 328 rams at the age of 10 to 12 months with an average body weight of 26.13 kg were used. A novel polymorphism was identified using high-throughput sequencing in sheep and genotyping of OLFML3 polymorphism was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Among 328 rams, 100 rams representing various sheep genotypes were used for association study and proc general linear model was used to analyse association between genotypes and phenotypic traits. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used for the expression analysis of OLFML3 mRNA in phenotypically divergent sheep population. Results The findings revealed a novel polymorphism in the OLFML3 gene (g.90317673 C>T). The OLFML3 gene revealed three genotypes: CC, CT, and TT. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was found to be significantly (p<0.05) associated with meat quality traits such as tenderness and cooking loss; carcass characteristics such as carcass length; retail meat cut such as pelvic fat in leg, intramuscular fat in loin and tenderloin, muscle in flank and shank; fatty acids composition such as tridecanoic acid (C13:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), ginkgolic acid (C17:1), linolenic acid (C18:3n3), arachidic acid (C20:0), eicosenoic acid (C20:1), arachidonic acid (C20:4n6), heneicosylic acid (C21:0), and nervonic acid (C24:1). The TT genotype was associated with higher level of meat quality, carcass characteristics, retail meat cut, and some fatty acids composition. However, the mRNA expression analysis was not different among genotypes. Conclusion The OLFML3 gene could be a potential putative candidate for selecting higher quality sheep meat, carcass characteristics, retail meat cuts, and fatty acid composition in sheep

IMPACT OF DAIRY SUPPORT SERVICES AND STRATEGIES ON REDUCTION OF COST OF MILK PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN BANGLADESH: IMPLICATIONS FOR RURAL LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT

The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of set of dairy supporting policies within the framework of the government ‘National Livestock Development Policy (NLDP)’ on the potential for reduction of cost of milk production in small-scale dairy farmers under different production systems. This study further aims at identifying the link among increasing household income and rural livelihoods-thus reducing poverty. This study applies the method developed by the International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN). The underlying principle of this method is the application of the concept of ‘Typical Farm Approach (TFA)’ and Technology Impact Policy Impact Calculations (TIPI-CAL) model. Three typical farms from three production systems (e.g. extensive, intensive and traditional) were selected from three agro-ecological zones. The required data collection was done in two steps: first, the data were collected from three baseline typical farms (status quo) operating without policy by applying the ‘Panel Approach’. In the second step, 10 different dairy supporting policy scenarios and technologies were simulated and applied in each of the base line farms in each production system and data were collected from 30 farms using the base farm as the status quo farm. The data were analysed by utilizing the extended version of TIPI-CAL (Technology Impact Policy Impact Calculations) model (TIPI-CAL software version 5.1). The results showed that improved dairy support services: improved veterinary services (IM-VHS), improved marketing access (IM-MKS), improved feeding and nutritional services (IM-FNS), community based fodder production system (CB-FPS), national breeding programme (NL-BRP) showed the highest impact on increasing milk productivity, decreasing milk production cost, increasing income from dairy and overall household income in all three production systems compared with base line farms. However, the magnitude of the impacts substantially differs among the production systems. This study also reveals that that there is a direct link among increasing income and reducing poverty since the household income increases as a result of implementing dairy support services to a level above the poverty line (1.9 US$/day equivalent to 147.96 BDT). This study results could be useful for prioritizing the policies on delivery of support services and technology and are expected to be helpful as a benchmark to implement the ‘draft policy proposal’ by the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MOFL) in Bangladesh

PBMCs transcriptome profiles identified breed-specific transcriptome signatures for PRRSV vaccination in German Landrace and Pietrain pigs

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a devastating viral disease affecting the swine industry worldwide. Genetic variation in host immunity has been considered as one of the potential determinants to improve the immunocompetence, thereby resistance to PRRS. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the breed difference in innate immune response to PRRSV vaccination between German Landrace (DL) and Pietrain (Pi) pigs. We analyzed microarray-based transcriptome profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected before (0 h) and 24 h after PRRSV vaccination from purebred DL and Pi pigs with three biological replicates. In total 4,269 transcripts were identified to be differentially expressed in PBMCs in at least any of four tested contrast pairs (i.e. DL-24h vs. DL-0h, Pi-24h vs. Pi-0h, DL-0h vs. Pi-0h and DL-24h vs. Pi-24h). The number of vaccine-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was much higher (2,459) in DL pigs than that of Pi pigs (291). After 24 h of PRRSV vaccination, 1,046 genes were differentially expressed in PMBCs of DL pigs compared to that of Pi (DL-24h vs. Pi-24h), indicating the breed differences in vaccine responsiveness. The top biological pathways significantly affected by DEGs of both breeds were linked to immune response functions. The network enrichment analysis identified ADAM17, STAT1, MMS19, RPA2, BAD, UCHL5 and APC as potential regulatory genes for the functional network of PRRSV vaccine response specific for DL; while FOXO3, IRF2, ADRBK1, FHL3, PPP2CB and NCOA6 were found to be the most potential hubs of Pi specific transcriptome network. In conclusion, our data provided insights of breed-specific host transcriptome responses to PRRSV vaccination which might contribute in better understanding of PPRS resistance in pigs

Association study and expression analysis of stearoyl Co-A desaturase as a candidate gene for fatty acid composition in Indonesian crossbred chickens

Background and Objective: The stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene encodes an enzyme involved in fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association and expression of SCD as a candidate gene for FA composition in Indonesian crossbred chickens. Materials and Methods: Sixty-two Indonesian crossbred, unsexed chickens (F2 Kampung×broilers) were used. FA composition was measured at 12 weeks of age from thigh meat of crossbred chicken. Results: A single nucleotide polymorphism in coding region c.17492542 C>G of SCD was associated with FA composition, including both unsaturated [linoleic (C18:2n6c) and eicosadienoic (C20:2) acids] and saturated [lauric acid (C12:0)] forms. SCD mRNA expression analysis in liver revealed 6 chickens with extremely high and low FA compositions, of them, high FA birds (n = 3) had higher unsaturated and lower saturated FAs, while the low FA group (n = 3) had lower unsaturated and higher saturated FA levels. SCD expression was higher (p<0.05) in tissues collected from high FA chickens than low FA chickens. Conclusion:These results will improve the understanding of SCD function in FA composition and will shed light on SCD as a potential candidate in the selection of chickens with higher levels of unsaturated and lower levels of saturated FA

Homologous Flares and Magnetic Field Topology in Active Region NOAA 10501 on 20 November 2003

We present and interpret observations of two morphologically homologous flares that occurred in active region (AR) NOAA 10501 on 20 November 2003. Both flares displayed four homologous H-alpha ribbons and were both accompanied by coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The central flare ribbons were located at the site of an emerging bipole in the center of the active region. The negative polarity of this bipole fragmented in two main pieces, one rotating around the positive polarity by ~ 110 deg within 32 hours. We model the coronal magnetic field and compute its topology, using as boundary condition the magnetogram closest in time to each flare. In particular, we calculate the location of quasiseparatrix layers (QSLs) in order to understand the connectivity between the flare ribbons. Though several polarities were present in AR 10501, the global magnetic field topology corresponds to a quadrupolar magnetic field distribution without magnetic null points. For both flares, the photospheric traces of QSLs are similar and match well the locations of the four H-alpha ribbons. This globally unchanged topology and the continuous shearing by the rotating bipole are two key factors responsible for the flare homology. However, our analyses also indicate that different magnetic connectivity domains of the quadrupolar configuration become unstable during each flare, so that magnetic reconnection proceeds differently in both events.Comment: 24 pages, 10 figures, Solar Physics (accepted

Excitation functions of 3He-particle-induced nuclear reactions on 103Rh: Experimental and theoretical investigations

Excitation functions for the 3He-induced reactions on 103Rh as alternative pathway for the production of the medically used 103Pd were studied by the stacked foil technique. Excitation functions of the 103Rh(3α, x) 103Pd, 103,104,104m,105Ag and 100,101,101m,102,102mRh reactions were determined up to 27 MeV by detecting only the characteristic γ-rays obtained from the decay of residual nuclei. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical ones obtained from the EMPIRE-3.2 code and ‎the TENDL nuclear data library. From the measured cross-section data integral production yields were calculated