Validity And Reliability Study Of Turkish Version Of “Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory” And “Bodybuilder Image Grid” Scales

Background: Although bigorexia symptoms are rapidly increasing, it is mostly an under recognized condition in Turkish male bodybuilders. There are no validated screening tools to identify the symptoms. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the validity of the Turkish version of the MDDI and the BIG towards the diagnosis of bigorexia and to provide health care professionals with early screening tools. Methods: One hundred twenty male bodybuilders, fifty-eight professional bodybuilders and six tytwo recreational bodybuilders, all of whom matched the research criteria, were included in this study. MDDI and BIG forms were filled by the bodybuilders, along with an “Individual Characteristic Information Form”, a “Nutrition-related Information Form”, and a “Bodybuilding-related Information Form”. To evaluate the construct validity, factor analysis was conducted and resulted in a three factor construct. Results: The factor-loading values ranged from 0.542- 0.827. Calculations of Cronbach’s alpha for the MDDI sum (α = 0.657) revealed a good internal consistency. The MDDI, BIG O, and BIG S intra class correlation coefficients (ICC) were found to be 0.840, 0.908, and 0.879, respectively. As a result, MDDI had acceptable reliability and that of BIG O and BIG S was excellent. Discussion: Turkish MDDI, BIG-O and BIG-S forms proved to be valid and reliable scales and were adequate for determining the symptoms of bigo rexia in male bodybuilders. Using these forms, there was a statistically significant relationship between bigorexia and eating disorders, which were significantly positively correlated. Conclusion: Our results support the feasibility of using the MDDI, the BIG-O, and the BIG-S forms to determine symptoms of bigorexia in Turkish population. Further studies are needed to confirm if this result can be generalized to female bodybuilders. © 2019 Bentham Science Publishers.Scopu

Scaling Uncertainties in Estimating Canopy Foliar Maintenance Respiration for Black Spruce Ecosystems in Alaska

black spruce, boreal forests, canopy, ecosystems, maintenance respiration, modeling, spatial scaling, temporal scaling,

Seasonal variations of dissolved nitrogen and DOC:DON ratios in an intermittent Mediterranean stream

22 páginas, 6 figuras, 4 tablas.Seasonal variations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) (NO3–N and NH4–N) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) were determined in Fuirosos, an intermittent stream draining an unpolluted Mediterranean forested catchment (10.5 km2) in Catalonia (Spain). The influence of flow on streamwater concentrations and seasonal differences in quality and origin of dissolved organic matter, inferred from dissolved organic carbon to nitrogen ratios (DOC:DON ratios), were examined. During baseflow conditions, nitrate and ammonium had opposite behaviour, probably controlled by biological processes such as vegetation uptake and mineralization activity. DON concentrations did not have a seasonal trend. During storms, nitrate and DON increased by several times but discharge was not a good predictor of nutrient concentrations. DOC:DON ratios in streamwater were around 26, except during the months following drought when DOC:DON ratios ranged between 42 and 20 during baseflow and stormflow conditions, respectively. Annual N export during 2000–2001 was 70 kg km 1 year 1, of which 75% was delivered during stormflow. The relative contribution of nitrogen forms to the total annual export was 57, 35 and 8% as NO3–N, DON and NH4–N, respectively.This study was supported by a Formacio´n de Personal Investigador (FPI) grant and funds provided by the Comisio´ n Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a (CICT, reference REN2001-3327).Peer reviewe

Regional Assessment of N saturation using foliar and root d15N

N saturation induced by atmospheric N deposition can have serious consequences for forest health in many regions. In order to evaluate whether foliar may be a robust, regional-scale measure of the onset of N saturation in forest ecosystems, we assembled a large dataset on atmospheric N deposition, foliar and root and N concentration, soil C:N, mineralization and nitrification. The dataset included sites in northeastern North America, Colorado, Alaska, southern Chile and Europe. Local drivers of N cycling (net nitrification and mineralization, and forest floor and soil C:N) were more closely coupled with foliar than the regional driver of N deposition. Foliar increased non-linearly with nitrification:mineralization ratio and decreased with forest floor C:N. Foliar was more strongly related to nitrification rates than was foliar N concentration, but concentration was more strongly correlated with N deposition. Root was more tightly coupled to forest floor properties than was foliar . We observed a pattern of decreasing foliar values across the following species: American beech>yellow birch>sugar maple. Other factors that affected foliar included species composition and climate. Relationships between foliar and soil variables were stronger when analyzed on a species by species basis than when many species were lumped. European sites showed distinct patterns of lower foliar , due to the importance of ammonium deposition in this region. Our results suggest that examining values of foliage may improve understanding of how forests respond to the cascading effects of N deposition