Effects of supplemental feed and fertilizer on growth and survival of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) post larvae in pond nursery system

The study was conducted to compare the performance of different nursing practices of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) post-larvae (PL). Three treatments such as only fertilizers (T1), fertilizers with 5% supplementary feed (local feed) (T2), and 10% commercial feed (T3) were applied in the nursing system of prawn PLs in earthen pond. An earthen pond (315m²) was divided into nine equal small ponds by fine meshed nylon nets. Feeds were used once daily on a tray placed near the pond bottom. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in some water quality parameters like pH and total alkalinity, but all measured water quality parameters viz. water temperature, transparency, dissolved oxygen and ammonia-nitrogen were within the acceptable range for nursing of prawn PL. The results showed that the mean final lengths of prawn post-larvae were 6.3±0.07 cm, 7.12±0.22 cm and 8.17±0.16 cm in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. There were significant difference (p<0.05) in mean final length of prawn PL among the treatments. Significantly higher (p<0.05) average daily weight gain was observed in T3 (0.071 ±0.007 g) than in T2 (0.052±0.006 g) and T1 (0.031 ±0.002 g). The specific growth rate (SGR) of T3 (8.81±0.26) was found significantly higher (p<0.05) than T2 (8.35±0.22) and T1 (7.42±0.11). Survival rate (%) was also significantly higher (p<0.05) in T3 (66.24±1.58) than in T2 (60.52±1.64) and T1 (53.86±2.71). Therefore, it may be concluded that the growth and survival in prawn nursery was better in commercial feed than only fertilizers and fertilizers with local feeds

Effects of control of C/N ratio by low-cost carbohydrate addition on water quality and pond ecology in freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii post-larvae nursing system

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of control of carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) by addition of low cost carbohydrate to the water column on water quality and pond ecology in freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii post-larvae nursing system. In this experiment, two level of dietary protein 20% and 35% without carbohydrate addition (‘P20' and ‘P35') and with carbohydrate addition (‘P20+CH' and ‘P35+CH') were compared in small ponds of 40 m² area stocked with 20 post-larvae (0.021 ± 0.001g) per m² . Maize flour was used as low cost carbohydrate and applied to the water column followed by the first feeding during the day. The addition of carbohydrate significantly reduced (p0.05) of total phytoplankton and zooplankton among the treatments. Survival rate of prawn was significantly lowest (p0.05) was observed between P20+CH and P35 treatments. Control of C/N ratio by the addition of low-cost carbohydrate to the pond water column benefited the freshwater prawn nursing practices in three ways (1) increased heterotrophic bacterial growth supplying bacterial protein augment the prawn post-larvae growth performances, (2) reduced demand for supplemental feed protein and subsequent reduction in feed cost and (3) reduced toxic NH sub(3)-N and NO sub(2)-N levels in pond nursing system

Characterization of Synthesized Goethite and Natural Goethite sourced from Itakpe in North Central, Nigeria

This study was aimed at characterizing samples of natural and synthetic goethite (α-FeOOH) in order to establish their composition and properties. The natural goethite (NGT) sample was obtained from Itakpe area in North Central, Nigeria while the synthetic goethite (SGT) fine particles were synthesized by the air oxidation method. Techniques employed in the investigation included determination of point of zero charge (pHpzc), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brauner-Emmet-Teller Isotherm (BET) and particle nano-sizer. Results of the study showed that pHpzc of the NGT and SGT were 7.0 and 8.0 respectively. The main surface functional group from FTIR in both samples was the OH while the XRF studies indicated a high content of iron (66.193 % in NGT and 66.4009% in SGT). The SEM analysis revealed a high porosity being associated with SGT than the natural sample. Furthermore, The surface area of SGT as obtained from BET analysis was 797.662 m2/g while the nano-sizer also revealed a near nano-size for the synthesized goethite with particle size of about 172-173 nm. In view of the results of this study, SGT could relatively be used as a more effective adsorbent. It is also believed that both samples will find applications in lots of other analytical processes.Keywords: Adsorption, BET, Natural goethite, Particle nano-sizer, Synthetic goethit

Cryopreservation of sperm of common carp, Cyprinus carpio and silver barb, Barbonymus gonionotus for genetically improved seed production

Experiments were conducted to develop and standardize the protocols for cryopreservation of sperm of common carp, Cyprinus carpio and also for using the cryopreserved sperm for fertilization of eggs. Nine extender solutions as Alsever's solution, kurokura-1, kurokura-2, urea egg-yolk, egg-yolk citrate, 0.6% glucose, 0.9% NaCl, Ma and Mb, and five cryoprotectants namely ethanol, methanol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylamine (DMA) and glycerol were tested. The cryoprotectants were mixed at 10% concentration of the extenders (v/v) to make the cryodiluents. Milt and cryodiluents were mixed at a ratio of 1:9 for Alsever's solution, kurokura-1, kurokura-2, 0.6% glucose and 0.9% NaCl, 1:4 for urea egg-yolk, egg-yolk citrate, Ma and Mb. Among the cryodiluents Alsever's solution mixed with either ethanol or methanol was found to be suitable and it produced more than 90% and 80% spermatozoan motility at equilibrium and post-thaw periods, respectively. Kurokura-1 and kurokura-2 when mixed with the same cryoprotectants showed good spermatozoan motility at equilibrium period (80-90%) but the motility was reduced (30-55%) at post-thaw state. Other extenders did not produce acceptable sperm-motility and in some cases the frozen milt became clotted. Different dilution ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:5, 1:7, 1:9, 1:12, 1:15, 1:20) were formulated for obtaining a suitable milt dilution, the dilution ratio of 1: 9 (milt : cryodiluent) demonstrated the highest post-thaw spermatozoan motility (80%) in Alserver's solution. The optimum concentration of cryoprotectants in the cryodiluents was determined, 10% concentration level was found to be effective to produce the highest number of spermatozoan motility in comparison to the other concentrations (5%, 15%, 20% 30%). Sperm preserved with the cryodiluent Alsever's solution along with either methanol or ethanol was found to be effective to fertilize eggs and produce hatchlings. The hatching rates ranged between 1.48% and 14.76%, compare to control. The fish produced through use of cryopreserved sperm and normal sperm were found to grow well and no significant (P<0.05) growth difference was observed between them. In case of silver barb, Barbonymus gonionotus, sperm tested against six extenders such as egg-yolk citrate, urea-egg-yolk, kurokura-1, kurokura-2, 0.9% NaCl and modified fish ringer (MFR) solution. Cryoprotectants used were the same as those of C. carpio. Milt was diluted with the cryodiluent at a ratio of 1:4 for egg-yolk citrate and urea-egg-yolk, 1:5 for kurokura-1 and 1:9 for 0.9% NaCl, MFR and kurokura-2. The cryoprotectant concentration was maintained at 10% of the extender (v/v) in all the cases. Among the extenders, egg-yolk citrate and urea-egg-yolk mixed with 10% DMSO, methanol and ethanol produced 50% post-thaw spermatozoan motility, whereas DMA and glycerol provided only 10% motility. Trials on milt dilution ratio and cryoprotectant concentration are being conducted. Fertilization trials are also underway

Typhus Fever: An Overlooked Diagnosis

A case of typhus fever is presented. On admission, the clinical diagnosis was typhoid fever. Forty-eight hours after admission, the presence of subconjunctival haemorrhage, malena, and jaundice raised the possibility of a different aetiology, the two most likely differentials being dengue and typhus. Finally, a co-infection of typhoid and typhus was discovered. This uncommon clinical scenario should be taken into account in the management of patients with high fever on admission being treated as a case of typhoid fever

Physiological parameters and yield differ in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars with variable water management systems

Yield reduction of rice is a severe problem due to the advent of increasing water scarcity and efficiency is relatively low. Physiological attributes and yield performance of high yielding (HYV) rice cultivars need to be assessed by minimizing water loss. Therefore, a glasshouse experiment was conducted in Bangladesh to investigate the impact of cultivars and water management on growth dynamics, biomass production, and yield and water productivity. Ten HYV&nbsp;boro&nbsp;(dry season irrigated) rice cultivars along with fivewater management systems were included in the study. The study revealed that cultivars Binadhan-10 had higher value of leaf area index (LAI), root dry weight along with moderate panicle length. Accordingly, the cultivar Binadhan-10 had a higher yield than all other cultivars because of the highest total dry matter (TDM), number of effective tillers hill-1, and number of grains&nbsp;panicle-1. Growth, TDM, and yield were increased with water application up to 8 DAD after which these factors declined with increasing water stress at 10 DAD. The crop grown at CS condition did not increase the yield, rather caused the wastage of irrigation water. The water productivity was the highest (0.252 t ha-1cm-1) in 10 DAD treatments, obviously due to minimum water use but highest yield was observed in 8 DAD because of optimum use of water and non stress condition. Therefore, the present study was useful in the screening of the most efficient cultivars, which could be strongly recommended to rice growers to improve crop yield and reduce the use of water

The semileptonic decays of the B_c meson

We study the semileptonic transitions B_c to \eta_c, J/\psi, D, D^*, B, B^*, B_s, B_s^* in the framework of a relativistic constituent quark model. We use experimental data on leptonic J/\psi decay, lattice and QCD sum rule results on leptonic B_c decay, and on radiative \eta_c transitions to adjust the quark model parameters. We compute all form factors of the above semileptonic B_c-transitions and give predictions for various semileptonic B_c decay modes including their \tau-modes when they are kinematically accessible. The implications of heavy quark symmetry for the semileptonic decays are discussed and are shown to be manifest in our explicit relativistic quark model calculation. A comparison of our results with the results of other calculations is performed.Comment: 31 pages Latex (uses epsf, revtex). Section II expanded, typos corrected. This version will appear in Phys. Rev.

A Contrastive Study Between RP And GA Segmental Features

A CONTRASTIVE STUDY BETWEEN RP AND GA SEGMENTAL FEATURES Aulianisa Netasya Salam Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta [email protected] Dr. Maryadi, M.A Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta [email protected] This research is a contrastive study aimed to describe the similarities and the differences between RP and GA segmental features. This research used descriptive-qualitative method which collected the data from the YouTube video. The study found that the similarities between RP and GA segmental sounds in initial, medial, and final positions are [ɪ], [ə], [eɪ], [ͻɪ], [p], [b], [t], [d], [tʃ], [θ], [g], [f], [v], [s], [z], [ʃ], [m], [n], [l]. The similar sounds found in initial and medial positions are [ӕ], [tʃ], [dȝ], [ð], [h], [w], [j]; in medial and final positions are [aɪ], [k], [ȝ], [ղ]; in initial position is [r] and in medial positions: [ʊ], [ʌ], [ɛ]. Then the differences sound between RP and GA segmental features have been found in initial and medial positions are [ͻ], [ɑ:]; in medial and final positions are [ɪə], [əʊ], in initial position is [ʌ], [eə] whereas in medial position is [ɒ], [i:], [u:], [ͻ:], [ʊə], [t]

Introduction of Routine Zinc Therapy for Children with Diarrhoea: Evaluation of Safety

On 8 May 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) recommended routine administration of zinc in the management of children, aged less than five years, with acute diarrhoea. In making the recommendation, WHO and UNICEF also suggested careful monitoring for adverse events associated with routine administration of zinc, particularly unusual or excess vomiting. The study assessed, in a phase IV trial, i.e. post-marketing surveillance of zinc, the occurrence of adverse events during the first hour after the administration of the first dose of zinc in children with acute or persistent diarrhoea. The study was conducted at the Dhaka Hospital of ICDDR,B and at an outpatient clinic operated by a local health NGO—Progoti Samaj Kallyan Protisthan (PSKP), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Eligible children, aged 3-59 months, were treated with 20 mg of zinc sulphate provided in a dispersible tablet formulation. The children were observed for 60 minutes following the initial treatment with zinc for adverse events, with particular attention given to vomiting or regurgitation. During the one-year observation period, 42,440 children (male 57% and female 43%) received zinc, and 20,246 (47.8%) of them were observed. Regurgitation and/or vomiting occurred in 4,392 (21.8%) of the children; 90.8% of these children had vomiting only once, 8.7% twice, and 0.5% more than twice. No children revisited the hospital for recurrent vomiting following their discharge. A significant proportion of infants and children may experience vomiting or regurgitation, usually once, following the administration of the first dose of zinc. This is a transient phenomenon that did not impact on continuation of treatment with zinc

Organotin (IV) complexes of 2-hydroxyacetophenone-N (4)-cyclohexylthiosemicarbazone (H 2 dact): Synthesis, spectral characterization, crystal structure and biological studies

Four new organotin(IV) complexes of the type [MeSnCl(dact)] (2), [BuSnCl(dact)] (3), [PhSnCl(dact)] (4) and [Ph2Sn(dact)] (5) were synthesized by the direct reaction of 2-hydroxyacetophenone-N(4)- cyclohexylthiosemicarbazone [H2dact, (1)] and organotin(IV) chloride(s) in absolute methanol. The ligand [H2dact, (1)] and its organotin(IV) complexes (2–5) have been characterized by CHN analyses, molar conductivity, UV–Vis, FT-IR, 1 H, 13C and 119Sn NMR spectral studies. The molecular structure of complex (5) has also been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure of complex (5) showed that the ligand is doubly deprotonated at the oxygen and sulfur atoms and is coordinated to the tin(IV) atom through thiolate-S, azomethine-N and phenoxide-O atoms. X-ray diffraction studies indicated that complex (5) is a monomer and the central tin(IV) atom is five coordinated in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The cytotoxicity of the ligand (1) as well as its organotin(IV) complexes (2–5) was studied against Artemia salina. The in vitro antibacterial activities of these compounds were also evaluated. The screening results have shown that the organotin(IV) complexes (2–5) have better antibacterial activity than the free ligand. Furthermore, it has been shown that diphenyltin(IV) derivative (5) exhibits significantly better activity than the monoorganotin(IV) derivatives (2–4)