International Management of Customer Orientation

This study investigates the role of customer orientation of service employees (COSE) and its influence on customer satisfaction and on electronic word of mouth (e-WOM), with a focus on international management. An empirical study was conducted amongst hotel customers with a final valid sample of 265 respondents. Digital capabilities have been included in the COSE model for the first time. Findings indicate that digital capabilities have a positive influence on customer satisfaction that is mediated by COSE. This study has also compared differences between international and national firms and also considered family businesses and non-family businesses. Results show that international hotels have a higher level of COSE than national hotels, mainly due to the technical skills of the employees, and the presence of a higher level of COSE in family businesses (FBs) rather than in non-family businesses (NFBs). Some contributions to academia and to international management have been discussed

Protection against sexual violence in the Colombian legal framework: obstacles and consequences for women victims

Sexual violence is a type of gender-based violence (GBV), as it is one of the different types of violence that is exerted against women. Sexual violence infringes fundamental human rights, and denies women’s dignity and self-determination, personal development, and well-being. Despite international treaties and a regulatory framework that legally protects Colombian women against sexual violence, it is necessary to know the effectiveness of this regulatory framework in Colombia. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to examine criminal legislation on crimes of sexual violence in Colombia with a dual purpose: first, to analyze procedural guarantees for women victims of sexual violence; second, to determine obstacles for victims of sexual violence in accordance with the legal framework. We used a legal interpretation method to perform an analysis and interpret the law. The results found that, although sexual violence is considered a type of crime, procedural guarantees are not effective as victims encounter serious obstacles with negative consequences, such as the violation of fundamental human rights

Phenotypic variability and pathogenicity of different isolates of Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum obtained from lemon fruits (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.)

[SPA] Las podredumbres de los cítricos causadas por las dos especies de Penicillium suponen entre el 60 y 80% del total de las podredumbres en estos frutos. En el presente trabajo se recopilaron varios aislados de las dos especies de Penicillium obtenidos a partir de limones cultivados en el sureste de España. Las características fenotípicas medidas fueron las curvas de cinética de crecimiento del micelio, la conidiogénesis y la masa del micelio aéreo creciendo en PDA a 26 °C. Las pruebas de patogenicidad se realizaron tras la inoculación de una suspensión de conidios, del orden de 107 conidios/mL, con una pipeta estéril sobre una herida realizada con un punzón entre el albedo y el flavedo. Los frutos inoculados se almacenaron a 15 °C y 75-85% de humedad relativa y se evaluaron la incidencia y severidad de las podredumbres por medio del tamaño de la podredumbre y el color de ésta que reflejaba la conidiogénesis. Se puso de manifiesto cierta variabilidad fenotípica entre los aislados en relación a la tasa de crecimiento. El aislado más virulento fue el de Alicante para P. digitatum y el de Santomera para P. italicum. [ENG] Citrus rots caused by species of Penicillium range from 60 to 80% of the total citrus fruit rots. The objective of this work consisted of collecting several isolates of the two Penicillium species from lemons grown in southeast Spain. These experiments consisted of determining mycelial growth curves, conidiation and mass of aerial mycelium of each isolate grown on PDA at 26 °C. In vivo experiments were carried out inoculating a drop of an extract of conidia of about 107 conidia/mL with a hypodermal syringe though a puncture reaching the albedo. Lemon fruits inoculated were stored at 15 °C and 75-85% relative humidity, and then incidence and severity of decay were evaluated. Colony and conidiation areas were measured on fruits affected by decay in order to establish the pathogenic characteristics of isolates. Significant differences in growth rates and conidiation were detected among isolates grown in PDA and some differences were identified causing decay in the same way. The most virulent isolate of P. digitatum was obtained from Alicante, and from Santomera in the case of P. italicum.A la UPCT por la concesión de una Beca de Iniciación a la Actividad Investigadora. A las empresas S.A.T. Grupo CFM y Limonar de Santomera Sdad. Coop. por el suministro del material vegetal

New strategies for controlling the development of Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum in lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.), based on the induction of its natural defenses

[SPA] Se pretende abordar el desarrollo de una estrategia de control integrado de enfermedades poscosecha (IDM – “Integrated Disease Management”) de limón, uno de los principales frutos producidos en la Región de Murcia, basada en la utilización de procedimientos aplicados de inducción a las defensas naturales de los frutos aplicados antes y después de la recolección con el fin de aumentar sus resistencia a las enfermedades poscosecha y prolongar la calidad durante el almacenamiento. Esta estrategia se basa en la optimización de una combinación de tratamientos y procedimientos aplicados de tal manera que la acción conjunta de todos ellos se convierta en una especie de protocolo o acción integrada y segura de apuesta por la calidad en detrimento de la aparición de podredumbres. [ENG] The study of a new strategy for integrating control postharvest diseases (IDM - "Integrated Disease Management") of lemon, one of the main fruits produced in the region of Murcia, based on the management of both pre and postharvest systems and procedures in order to induce the natural defenses of harvested fruits, is developed. The overall aim is based on an increase of the fruit resistance against postharvest diseases and maintains its quality during storage. This strategy would consist of a combination of some treatments and procedures in order to create an integrated system by combining all of them under an adequate strategy based on improving the quality and extending the shelf-life at the expense of fruit decay.A la empresa S.A.T. Nº 9821 Grupo CFM, Murcia, por la financiación y colaboración en este estudio. La autora M.A. Parra agradece a la UPCT la adjudicación de una Beca de Iniciación a la Actividad Investigadora (año 2015)

Controlling green mould rot of lemons by means of ultraviolet-C irradiation

[SPA] La podredumbre verde ocasionada por Penicillium digitatum es la enfermedad poscosecha más importante de limones en España, siendo responsable de más del 60% de las podredumbres que afectan a este fruto. Sin embargo, el control de la enfermedad es difícil debido a la restricción al uso de fungicidas de síntesis y a la aparición de aislados resistentes a estos fungicidas. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en evaluar el efecto de la radiación ultravioleta-C (UV-C) sobre el crecimiento de P. digitatum in vitro e in vivo, estudiando las curvas del crecimiento del micelio a 15ºC y 85% HR durante 10 días. Se evaluó diariamente la incidencia y severidad de la podredumbre. El crecimiento del hongo in vitro fue más lento cuando éste fue irradiado. Sin embargo, este efecto no se observó cuando el hongo fue irradiado en los frutos inoculados, excepto a partir del quinto día de radiación. El descenso de la tasa de crecimiento fue inmediato cuando los frutos fueron inoculados dos días después de la radiación. Estos resultados sugirieron que la UV-C actuó principalmente induciendo las defensas del fruto. [ENG] Green mould rot caused by Penicillium digitatum is the most important postharvest disease of lemon fruits in Spain causing more than 60% of total losses due to decay along the commercialization period. However, synthetic fungicides have been withdrawn from the market mainly due to selection of resistant fungal isolates and toxicity to humans and environment. The objective of this work consisted of evaluating the effect of ultraviolet-C illumination (UV-C) on the in vitro and in vivo growth of P. digitatum by means of evaluating the mycelial growth curves at 15ºC and 85% RH for 10 days, then incidence and severity of decay were daily monitored. Mycelial growth rate decreased in vitro but not grown on irradiated fruits. In this case, UV-C reduced growth from the fifth day after irradiating whereas this reduction was immediately observed after inoculating fruits irradiated two days before. Results suggested that UV-C was mainly useful to reduce fungal growth mediated by some mechanism of inducible defence.Expresamos nuestro agradecimiento a la S.A.T. 9821 Grupo CFM de Fuente Álamo por el suministro del material vegetal y la financiación de este trabajo

In vitro response of Penicillium ulaiense to postharvest fungicides

[SPA] Penicillium ulaiense es un patógeno de frutos cítricos poco conocido hasta la fecha, ya que tradicionalmente, los patógenos penicílicos de los agrios se han identificado como P. digitatum y P. italicum. Sin embargo, P. ulaiense ha sido citado como patógeno de los cítricos en varios países desde la década de los 80, especialmente asiáticos. El continuo devenir de frutas a lo largo de los cinco continentes, acrecienta la sospecha de que la especie se haya infiltrado en Europa y, particularmente en España. En efecto, P. ulaiense ya ha sido detectado en nuestro país, es posible que se encuentre extendido, y que sea el agente causal de bastantes podredumbres penicílicas, pero puede pasar desapercibido por su enorme semejanza visual con las especies clásicas. En este trabajo, se pretende caracterizar el crecimiento de esta especie y compararla con P. digitatum y P. italicum. Así mismo, se estudia el efecto de los fungicidas tiabendazol y pirimetanil. Los resultados denotaron una tasa de crecimiento muy baja y dispersión de colonias de P. ulaiense, respecto a P. digitatum y P. italicum. Esta menor actividad se pudo traducir en un mayor control de la conidiogénesis por el uso de los dos fungicidas ensayados. [ENG] Penicillium ulaiense is a pathogen of citrus fruits little known to date, since traditionally, pathogens belong to Penicillium sp. of citrus fruits have been identified as P. digitatum and P. italicum. However, P. ulaiense has been cited as a citrus pathogen since the 1980s in several countries, especially in Asia. The continuous development of fruits throughout the five continents increases the hypothesis that this species has expanded to Europe, including Spain. In fact, P. ulaiense has already been detected in our country. It is possible that it is widespread can be unnoticed due to this species is very similar to the classical Penicillium species which cause citrus decay, such as P. digitatum and P. italicum. In this work, growth of an isolate of this species is characterised and compared to P. digitatum and P. italicum. Likewise, the effect of the thiabendazole and pyrimethanil fungicides is studied. The results showed a very low growth rate and conidial dispersion of P. ulaiense colonies with regard to P. digitatum and P. italicum. This low activity could be translated into a higher control of conidia production by the use of the two fungicides tested.A la empresa S.A.T. 9821 GRUPO CFM, por la financiación de este trabajo. A CITROSOL, especialmente a Celia Murciano, por el suministro e identificación del aislado de P. ulaiense. Finalmente, a Pablo Crespo de DECCÓ IBÉRICA por la entrega de DECCO PYR (pirimetanil)

Structural characterization, optical properties and photocatalytic activity of MOF-5 and its hydrolysis products: implications on their excitation mechanism

The existing concerns on the limited stability of Zn4O-based MOFs upon exposure to humidity or aqueous environments, as well as on the excitation mechanisms, are discussed on the basis of Raman, FTIR, DR-UV and XRD measurements. This paper demonstrates that MOF-5 dispersed in water produces a relatively stable new phase, MOF-5W, which slowly degrades to MOF-5H, a mixture of MOF-5W and zinc terephthalate dihydrate (ZTDH). The structure and optical properties of MOF-5W and MOF-5H and their optical and photocatalytic properties reveal the main role played by the organic moiety in determining the final properties of these structures, supporting the idea of a ligand to ligand charge transfer (LLCT) excitation mechanism rather than the usually assumed ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT).Fil: Rodríguez, N. A.. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Parra, Rodrigo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingenieria; ArgentinaFil: Grela, M.A.. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentin

Hidrogenionic potential (pH) of the attractant, trap density and control threshold for Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: tephritidae) on Hamlin oranges in São Paulo central region, Brazil

This study evaluated the effect of initial pH values of 4.5, 6.5 and 8.5 of the attractant (protein bait) Milhocina® and borax (sodium borate) in the feld, on the capture of fruit flies in McPhail traps, using 1, 2, 4 and 8 traps per hectare, in order to estimate control thresholds in a Hamlin orange grove in the central region of the state of São Paulo. The most abundant fruit fly species was Ceratitis capitata, comprising almost 99% of the fruit flies captured, of which 80% were females. The largest captures of C. capitata were found in traps baited with Milhocina® and borax at pH 8.5. Captures per trap for the four densities were similar, indicating that the population can be estimated with one trap per hectare in areas with high populations. It was found positive relationships between captures of C. capitata and the number of Hamlin oranges damaged, 2 and 3 weeks after capture. It was obtained equations that correlate captures and damage levels which can be used to estimate control thresholds. The average loss caused in Hamlin orange fruits by C. capitata was 2.5 tons per hectare or 7.5% of production.Esta pesquisa teve como objetivos: avaliar o efeito do pH inicial, 4.5; 6.5 e 8.5, do atrativo proteico Milhocina® e bórax (tetraborato de sódio) na captura de moscas-das-frutas em armadilhas McPhail; estudar densidades de armadilhas, 1; 2; 4 e 8 por hectare, para estimar níveis de controle em laranja cv. Hamlin, na região central de São Paulo. A espécie predominante, com 99% das moscas-das-frutas capturadas, foi Ceratitis capitata, sendo 80% de fêmeas. As maiores capturas de C. capitata ocorreram nas armadilhas com Milhocina® e bórax em pH 8.5. As capturas, nas 4 densidades, foram semelhantes, indicando que a população pode ser estimada com uma armadilha por hectare em áreas de altas populações. Houve relações positivas entre capturas de C. capitata e o número de frutos danificados, 2 e 3 semanas após a captura. Assim, foram obtidas equações que relacionam a captura e o dano, possibilitando estimar níveis de controle desse inseto. As perdas médias causadas por C. capitata em laranja cv. Hamlin chegaram a 2,5 toneladas de frutos por hectare ou 7,5% da produção.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Actitud hacia las personas mayores y variables asociadas en un grupo de estudiantes universitarios del ámbito de la educación

Attitudes are defined as a construct that implies a state of mental disposition (cognitive and affective aspects) that influence our perception, thinking and motivation, and direct our behaviors. Attitudes become determinant elements in predicting positive or negative behaviors towards others, especially towards the elderly. The aim of this study is to know the attitudes of the students of university degrees in education, since they will be the next professionals to educate. Knowing the attitudes and variables that may influence them may be a key aspect for developing subsequent interventions, as well as for improving attitudes towards the elderly and, therefore, their care. This study shows that the attitude is moderately positive, and that a more positive attitude is related to having interest in old age issues, and to four human strengths such as love, kindness, gratitude and humility. Las actitudes se definen como un constructo que implica un estado de disposición mental (aspectos cognitivos y afectivos) que influyen en nuestra percepción, pensamiento y motivación, y dirigen nuestras conductas. Las actitudes se convierten en elementos determinantes para predecir conductas positivas o negativas hacia los demás, especialmente hacia las personas mayores. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer las actitudes del alumnado de títulos universitarios de educación, ya que serán los próximos profesionales que eduquen. Conocer las actitudes y variables que puedan influir en estas puede ser un aspecto clave para desarrollar intervenciones posteriores, así como, para mejorar las actitudes hacia el mayor, y, por ende, su atención. Este estudio muestra que la actitud es moderadamente positiva, y que una actitud más positiva está relacionada con tener interés por temas de vejez, y con cuatro fortalezas humanas como son el amor, la bondad, la gratitud y la humildad