Microcassiope minor (Dana, 1852): a description of the first stage zoea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae)

The first stage zoea of Microcassiope minor (Dana, 1852) is described, illustrated and compared with thirteen other known Xanthinae. This comparison suggests that M. minor is closely related to another Atlantic Ocean xanthid, Nanocassiope melanodactyla (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867). Such an affinity may indicate that the genus Nanocassiope Guinot, 1967) is not a homogenous taxon

Economics of Water Security

In the immediate future, accessible runoff of fresh water is unlikely to increase more than the demand forecasted. It will have an impact on economic growth as it may reduce the per capita income of countries and create water conflicts. Such global threat creates a policy conundrum of how to meet basic needs and maximise the benefits from water resources. This chapter investigates different economic instruments in alleviating water-related risks and dealt with associated impacts.Anik Bhaduri, C. Dionisio Pérez-Blanco, Dolores Rey, Sayed Iftekhar, Aditya Kaushik, Alvar Escriva-Bou, Javier Calatrava, David Adamson, Sara Palomo-Hierro, Kelly Jones, Heidi Asbjornsen, Mónica A. Altamirano, Elena Lopez-Gunn, Maksym Polyakov, Mahsa Motlagh, and Maksud Bekchano

Isidro Gomà i Tomàs. De la Monarquía a la República (1927-1936) Sociedad, política y religión [Reseña]

Reseña de Roberto Ceamanos Llorens, Isidro Gomà i Tomàs. "De la Monarquía a la República (1927-1936) Sociedad, política y religión", Rolde de Estudios Aragoneses, Zaragoza 2012, 264 pp

Isidro Gomà i Tomàs. De la Monarquía a la República (1927-1936) Sociedad, política y religión [Reseña]

Reseña de Roberto Ceamanos Llorens, Isidro Gomà i Tomàs. "De la Monarquía a la República (1927-1936) Sociedad, política y religión", Rolde de Estudios Aragoneses, Zaragoza 2012, 264 pp

A New Method for the Calibration of the Spectral Sensitivity of a Raman Spectrometer

The calibration of the relative spectral sensitivity of a Raman spectrometer is usually done by comparison of the curve of spectral irradiance (E—1) of a standard lamp with the intensity of the signal (I—1) of the same lamp when registered by the spectrometer. Although this method is in theory accurate, there are some types of experimental errors concomitant with it. Those arise mainly from the different optical arrangements used in the calibration of the spectrometer and in the registration of the Raman spectra. For example, if the filament is put in the theoretical place where the Raman scattering takes place, zones of different color temperature can be focused on the entrance slit of the spectrometer, since the magnification of the collecting system is usually greater than 3 and the filament is, furthermore, larger than the slit. If a pinhole is used instead of the filament then the angular dependence of the light behind the pinhole can be altered by diffraction effects. If a diffuse reflector is used, it has to be calibrated previously, because of the deviations of the Lambert law that show the actual standard reflectors, etc.Peer reviewe

Influence Of Break Up And Coalescence Models In A Bubbly Flow

Three-dimensional gas-liquid simulations in a cylindrical bubble reactor with an external loop were performed. The effects of average bubble size, bubble size distribution and gas inlet plate geometry were evaluated. The population balance models of Luo and Svendsen [6] and Prince and Blanch [9] were used in order to simulate the breakup and coalescence effects, respectively. The drag force was modeled using the Ishii-Zuber model, which takes into account bubble deformation effects. The k-epsilon turbulence model was applied only for the continuous phase and the dispersed one was considered laminar. Lift, Magnus and added mass forces were neglected. Simulations at different superficial gas velocities were performed using two different inlets: a uniform and a perforated plate entrance. Breakup and coalescence effects were studied only for the uniform gas inlet geometry and the particle size distribution was obtained using a probability density function. Results show that the approach used in this work provided physically consistent results with transient effects in the column. Good agreement of the time-averaged gas holdup with experimental data on gas holdup available in the literature was obtained. It was found that the simulation approach used in this work was able to capture the complex transient fluid dynamics in bubbly flows.Cassanello, M., Larachi, F., Kemoun, A., Al-Dahhan, M.H., Dudukovic, M.P., Inferring liquid chaotic dynamics in bubble columns (2001) Chemical Engineering Science, 56 (21-22), pp. 6125-6134. , DOI 10.1016/S0009-2509(01)00218-4, PII S0009250901002184, Fifth International Conference on Gas-Liquid nd Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactor EngineeringChen, P., Sanyal, J., Dudukovic, M.P., Numerical simulation of bubble columns flows: Effect of different breakup and coalescence closures (2005) Chemical Engineering Science, 60 (4), pp. 1085-1101. , DOI 10.1016/j.ces.2004.09.070, PII S000925090400733XKrishna, R., Van Baten, J.M., Urseanu, M.I., Ellenberger, J., A scale up strategy for bubble column slurry reactors (2001) Catalysis Today, 66, pp. 199-207Krishna, R., Van Baten, J.M., Urseanu, M.I., Three-phase Eulerian simulations of bubble columns reactors operating in the churn-turbulent regime: A scale up strategy (2004) Chemical Engineering Science, 55, pp. 4483-4493Luo, H., Svendsen, H.F., Theoretical Model for Drop and Bubble Breakup in Turbulent Dispersions (1996) AIChE Journal, 42 (5), pp. 1225-1233Maretto, C., Krishna, R., Modelling of a bubble column slurry reactor for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (1999) Catalysis Today, 52 (2-3), pp. 279-289. , PII S0920586199000826, Kinetics and Modelling of Catalytic Reactions: from Laboratory to Industrial ReactorMatonis, D., Gidaspow, D., Bahary, M., CFD simulation of flow and turbulence in a slurry bubble column (2002) AIChE Journal, 48 (7), pp. 1413-1429. , DOI 10.1002/aic.690480706Prince, M.J., Blanch, H.W., Bubble coalescence and break-up in air-sparged bubble columns. (1990) AICHE J., 36, pp. 1485-1499. , 10 OctSantos, C.M., Dionísio, R.P., Cerqueira, H.S., Sousa-Aguiar, E.F., Mori, M., D́Avila, M.A., Three-dimensional gas-liquid CFD simulations in cylindrical bubble columns (2007) The International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 5, pp. A90Van Baten, J.M., Krishna, R., CFD modeling of a bubble column reactor carrying out a consecutive A -> B -> C reaction (2004) Chemical Engineering and Technology, 27 (4), pp. 398-406. , DOI 10.1002/ceat.200401968Lin, J., Han, M., Wang, T., Zhang, T., Wang, J., Jin, Y., Influence of the gas distributor on the local hydrodynamic behavior of an external loop airlift reactor (2004) Chemical Engineering Journal, 102 (1), pp. 51-59. , DOI 10.1016/j.cej.2004.01.023, PII S1385894704000804Wiemann, D., Mewes, D., Prediction of backmixing and mass transfer in bubble columns using a multifluid model (2005) Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 44 (14), pp. 4959-4967. , DOI 10.1021/ie049163