Giant Planet Formation and Migration

© 2018, The Author(s). Planets form in circumstellar discs around young stars. Starting with sub-micron sized dust particles, giant planet formation is all about growing 14 orders of magnitude in size. It has become increasingly clear over the past decades that during all stages of giant planet formation, the building blocks are extremely mobile and can change their semimajor axis by substantial amounts. In this chapter, we aim to give a basic overview of the physical processes thought to govern giant planet formation and migration, and to highlight possible links to water delivery.S.-J. Paardekooper is supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. A. Johansen is supported by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council (grant 2014-5775) and the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant 278675-PEBBLE2PLANET)

Genetics of Tillering in Rice and Barley

Tillering, or the production of lateral branches (i.e., culms), is an important agronomic trait that determines shoot architecture and grain production in grasses. Shoot architecture is based on the actions of the apical and axillary meristems (AXMs). The shoot apical meristem (SAM) produces all aboveground organs, including AXMs, leaves, stems, and inflorescences. In grasses like rice ( L.) and barley ( L.), vegetative AXMs form in the leaf axil of lower leaves of the plant and produce tillers (branches). Tiller development is characterized by three stages, including (i) AXM initiation, (ii) bud development, and (iii) outgrowth of the axillary bud into a tiller. Each tiller has the potential to produce a seed-bearing inflorescence and, hence, increase yield. However, a balance between number and vigor of tillers is required, as unproductive tillers consume nutrients and can lead to a decreased grain production. Because of its agronomic and biological importance, tillering has been widely studied, and numerous works demonstrate that the control of AXM initiation, bud development, and tillering in the grasses is via a suite of genes, hormones, and environmental conditions. In this review, we describe the genes and hormones that control tillering in two key cereal crops, rice and barley. In addition, we discuss how the development of new genomics tools and approaches, coupled with the synteny between the rice and barley genomes, are accelerating the isolation of barley genes underlying tillering phenotypes

Paramentação cirúrgica: avaliação de sua adequação para a prevenção de riscos biológicos em cirurgias - parte II: os componentes da paramentação Surgical scrub: evaluating its adequation for preventing Biological risks in surgeries. part II: the components of the surgical scrub

O estudo elaborou critérios de avaliação dos componentes da paramentação cirúrgica de hospitais do município de São Paulo. A maior dificuldade nessa elaboração deveu-se à inexistência de normas e consenso sobre a porosidade dos tecidos como barreira microbiológica e de contato com sangue e outros fluidos. Contudo, foi possível reconhecer aspectos positivos e problemáticos. Observou-se que existe semelhanças dos componentes entre os hospitais, no que se refere a modelo e tipo de tecido. As luvas foram os componentes com maior índice de adequação e os propés, os de maior índice de inadequação. O aspecto mais problemático referiu-se aos controles de aquisição e de reprocessamento dos componentes re-utilizáveis.<br>The study elaborated evaluation patterns of the components of the surgical scrub in hospitals of the district of São Paulo. The most important difficulty was the lack of rules and consent on the types of the fabrics, as a microbiological and contact with blood and other fluids barrier. However, it was possible to identify positive and problematic aspects. It was observed that the components are similar among the hospitals, considering the design and the way of fabrics production. Gloves were the ones with the best quality results, while shootweares were the worst. The most problematic aspect was referred to the acquisition controls and the re-use process of the components