7,885 research outputs found
Human Perceptions of Fairness in Algorithmic Decision Making: A Case Study of Criminal Risk Prediction
As algorithms are increasingly used to make important decisions that affect
human lives, ranging from social benefit assignment to predicting risk of
criminal recidivism, concerns have been raised about the fairness of
algorithmic decision making. Most prior works on algorithmic fairness
normatively prescribe how fair decisions ought to be made. In contrast, here,
we descriptively survey users for how they perceive and reason about fairness
in algorithmic decision making.
A key contribution of this work is the framework we propose to understand why
people perceive certain features as fair or unfair to be used in algorithms.
Our framework identifies eight properties of features, such as relevance,
volitionality and reliability, as latent considerations that inform people's
moral judgments about the fairness of feature use in decision-making
algorithms. We validate our framework through a series of scenario-based
surveys with 576 people. We find that, based on a person's assessment of the
eight latent properties of a feature in our exemplar scenario, we can
accurately (> 85%) predict if the person will judge the use of the feature as
fair.
Our findings have important implications. At a high-level, we show that
people's unfairness concerns are multi-dimensional and argue that future
studies need to address unfairness concerns beyond discrimination. At a
low-level, we find considerable disagreements in people's fairness judgments.
We identify root causes of the disagreements, and note possible pathways to
resolve them.Comment: To appear in the Proceedings of the Web Conference (WWW 2018). Code
available at https://fate-computing.mpi-sws.org/procedural_fairness
Analysis of a novel non-contacting waveguide backshort
A new non-contacting waveguide backshort has been developed for millimeter and submillimeter wave frequencies. The design consists of a metal bar with rectangular or circular holes cut into it, which is covered with a dielectric (mylar) layer to form a snug fit with the walls of a waveguide. Hole geometries are adjusted to obtain a periodic variation of the guide impedance on the correct length scale, in order to produce efficient reflection of RF power. It is a mechanically rugged design which can be easily fabricated for frequencies from 1 to 1000 GHz and is thus a sound alternative to the miniaturization of conventional non-contacting shorts. To aid in high-frequency design, a rigorous full-wave analysis has been completed, which will allow variations of the size, number and spacing of the holes to be easily analyzed. This paper will review the backshort design and the method developed for theoretical characterization, followed by a comparison of the experimental and numerical results. Low frequency models operating from 4-6 GHz are shown to demonstrate return loss of greater than -0.2 dB over a 33 percent bandwidth. The theory is in good agreement with measured data
Localisation of the major site of light stimulated phosphorylation in a region of rhodopsin distinct from the chromophore binding site
Accurate Realizations of the Ionized Gas in Galaxy Clusters: Calibrating Feedback
Using the full, three-dimensional potential of galaxy cluster halos (drawn
from an N-body simulation of the current, most favored cosmology), the
distribution of the X-ray emitting gas is found by assuming a polytropic
equation of state and hydrostatic equilibrium, with constraints from
conservation of energy and pressure balance at the cluster boundary. The
resulting properties of the gas for these simulated redshift zero clusters (the
temperature distribution, mass-temperature and luminosity-temperature
relations, and the gas fraction) are compared with observations in the X-ray of
nearby clusters. The observed properties are reproduced only under the
assumption that substantial energy injection from non-gravitational sources has
occurred. Our model does not specify the source, but star formation and AGN may
be capable of providing this energy, which amounts to 3 to 5 x10^{-5} of the
rest mass in stars (assuming ten percent of the gas initially in the cluster
forms stars). With the method described here it is possible to generate
realistic X-ray and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich cluster maps and catalogs from N-body
simulations, with the distributions of internal halo properties (and their
trends with mass, location, and time) taken into account.Comment: Matches ApJ published version; 30 pages, 7 figure
Experimental observation of oscillating and interacting matter wave dark solitons
We report on the generation, subsequent oscillation and interaction of a pair
of matter wave dark solitons. These are created by releasing a Bose-Einstein
condensate from a double well potential into a harmonic trap in the crossover
regime between one dimension (1D) and three dimensions (3D). The oscillation of
the solitons is observed and the frequency is in quantitative agreement with
simulations using the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. An effective particle picture
is developed and reveals that the deviation of the observed frequencies from
the asymptotic prediction , where is the
longitudinal trapping frequency, results from the dimensionality of the system
and the interaction between the solitons.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
Arabian Sea mixed layer dynamics experiment : mooring deployment cruise report R/V Thomas Thompson cruise number 46, 14 April-29 April 1995
This report describes in a general manner the work that took place during the R/V Thomas Thompson
cruise number 46 which was the mooring turnaround cruise for the moored array program. A detailed
description of the WHOI surface mooring and its instrumentation is provided. Information about the XBT and
CTD data and near-surface temperature data collected during the cruise is also included.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through
Grant No. NOOOl4-94-1-0161
Tony Blair and John Howard: comparative predominance and 'Institution Stretch' in the UK and Australia
It has recently been argued that the UK premier enjoys a level of executive power unavailable to US presidents, but how does he or she compare to another prime minister operating within a broadly similar system? Commonalities of intra-executive influence and capacity exist under the premierships in the UK and Australia. Discrete institutional constraints and deviations are evident, but trends and similarities in resource capacity can be clearly identified. These include: the growth of the leaders' office; broadening and centralising of policy advice and media operations; and strengthening of the role and function of ministerial advisers. I contend that this amounts to 'institution stretch', with new structures, processes and practices becoming embedded in the political system by the incumbents. © 2007 The Author. Journal compilation © 2007 Political Studies Association
Dispersive magnetic excitations in the S=1 antiferromagnet BaMnO
We present powder inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the S=1
dimerized antiferromagnet BaMnO. The K magnetic spectrum
exhibits a spin-gap of meV and a dispersive spectrum with
a bandwidth of approximately 1.5 meV. Comparison to coupled dimer models
describe the dispersion and scattering intensity accurately and determine the
exchange constants in BaMnO. The wave vector dependent scattering
intensity confirms the proposed S=1 dimer bond. Temperature dependent
measurements of the magnetic excitations indicate the presence of both
singlet-triplet and thermally activated triplet-quintet excitations.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, Submitted to Physical Review B, Resubmited
versio
Singlet Ground State and Magnetization Plateaus in BaMnO
Magnetic susceptibility and the magnetization process have been measured in
\green polycrystal. In this compound, the magnetic manganese ion exists as
Mn in a tetrahedral environment, and thus the magnetic interaction can
be described by an S=1 Heisenberg model. The ground state was found to be a
spin singlet with an excitation gap K. Magnetization
plateaus were observed at zero and at half of the saturation magnetization.
These results indicate that the present system can be represented by a coupled
antiferromagnetic dimer model.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, jpsj styl
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