Comparative Analysis of Peculiarities of Thinking of Urban and Rural Schoolchildren

The results of the comparative analysis of the peculiarities of thinking of urban and rural schoolchildren of primary and senior levels of education are presented. In order to identify differences in the levels of formation of individual characteristics of thinking linked, inter alia, with the characteristics of social, physical and physiological development of students in urban and rural schools, a number of works were studied on the comparison of functional indicators of hemodynamics, psycho-emotional stability, verbal and logical thinking and characteristics of educational and cognitive activity among urban and rural schoolchildren. The results of the interpretation of the data obtained during the experiment conducted by the authors (54 respondents, 27 rural and urban high school students) are presented. It is concluded that rural pupils are characterized by higher level of development of abilities and qualities of the personality, providing them successful performance of the main types of mathematical activity: low level of psychoemotional tension, qualitative analysis of visual and visually-spatial information, logical conclusions, generalization of information, interest in the correct solution of a problem, etc. In the future, it is expected to find out possible reasons for “lagging” of urban schoolchildren from rural ones in terms of individual indicators of formation of mathematical thinking operations

Observation of Cosmic Gamma Ray Bursts in the Experiments Onboard Lomonosov and Vernov Satellites

Abstract: The study of cosmic gamma ray bursts (GRBs) is one of the main goals of the Lomonosov space mission. The main advantage of this mission is simultaneous multiwavelength observations of GRBs covering the optical, X-ray and gamma-ray ranges. The mission payload includes the GRB monitor BDRG, wide-field optical cameras SHOK, and the UFFO instrument. Data are recorded mainly by the event trigger provided by the BDRG instrument, which measures the spectral and temporal properties of the burst in the energy range 10–3000 keV. The BDRG instrument also provides estimation of the source coordinates by comparing the readings of three differently directed detectors with an accuracy of several degrees. Wide-field SHOK optical cameras have a field of view of ~20° × 40°. They fix a set of images with a frequency of about five frames per second prior to the trigger and another set immediately after the trigger. The UFFO instrument includes the UBAT telescope with a coded mask for measurements in hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray ranges and an optical telescope with a slewing mirror (SMT) that can be directed on the GRB source for a time ~1 s for measuring GRB prompt emission in the early stages. In response to an BDRG trigger signal, the real-time data on a detected GRB are transmitted to the Earth via Globalstar network to the Gamma-ray Coordinates Network (GCN) and ground-based observatories. During observations on the Lomonosov satellite, 20 gamma-ray bursts were detected and catalogued. Several gamma-ray bursts were also detected in the Vernov satellite experiment. An example of such an event is given.Financial support for this work was provided by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, project no RFMEFI60717X0175

Long-term disease control in advanced renal cell cancer with brain metastases with pazopanib (case report and literature review)

We report the case of advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma with brain, pulmonary, hepatic and bone metastases treated with pazopanib.We observed the complete response in brain metastases and stable extracranial disease after 4 years of the treatment. According to the literature review this is the first reported case of complete response to pazopanib in brain metastases in renal cell carcinoma

Analysis of the association of the polymorphism of the CLIC1, MSH5, C6orf26, C6orf25 genes with the expression level of the HSPA1B gene

Heat  shock proteins (HSP, heat  shock proteins) form one of the cellular  molecular systems with chaperone activity, aimed  at stabilizing  the structure of intracellular proteins, ensuring  the resistance of cells to stress, renaturation of incorrectly folded  and  elimination of denatured intracellular proteins.Our task was to look for an association between  the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in selected  regions of the genome  and the basal level of transcriptional activity of the HSPA group genes, namely  HSPA1A/B, HSPA1A, HSPA1B, HSPA6  and  HSPA8  in mononuclear leukocytes  (PBMC), analyzed  in our  experiments volunteers from the population of the middle  part of Russia in order  to analyze  the universality of the biological  effects of these SNPs.The study was performed on DNA  and RNA isolated  from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 16 donors. Genotyping was performed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing of the PCR product. To assess the level of gene expression  of the HSPA group, cDNA was synthesized on an RNA template isolated  from  PBMC cell fraction samples, followed  by real-time polymerase chain  reaction.The  following types of polymorphisms were genotyped: rs400547 (A/G), rs1150793 (G/A), rs707936 (A/G), rs707915 (A/T), rs376510 (T/C) located in the CLIC1,  MSH5, C6orf26, MSH5, C6orf25genes,  respectively. We determined the basal level of transcription of genes of constitutively expressed and inducible proteins of the HSP70 family and searched for the association of their  expression  with polymorphisms.It was found  that  in PBMC cells, DNA that has the following genotype: AG/AA (SNP rs400547), AG/GG (rs1150793), AG (rs707936), TArs707915, TC (rs376510), in the regions we studied, is associated with a decrease in the transcription of the HSPA1B  gene (p = 0.02) compared with homozygotes: GG (SNP rs400547), AA (rs1150793), GG (rs707936), TT (rs707915), CC  (rs376510).Associations of these  polymorphisms with  gene  expression  of HSPA1A, HSPA6  and  HSPA8 have  not  been  identified.The CLIC1,  MSH5, C6orf26, C6orf25 genes,  in which  the  polymorphisms studied by us are present, are located in the same locus near  the HSPA1B  gene on the 6th chromosome. We found  a decrease in HSPA1B  gene expression  in the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in nearby genes may indicate spatial interactions of this locus and the HSPA1B gene locus, and that a change in the genotype  CLIC1, MSH5, C6orf26, C6orf25 may entail a change in the expression  of closely arranged genes which are functionally significant  for the cell

Длительный контроль распространенного почечно-клеточного рака с метастазами в головной мозг на фоне терапии пазопанибом (клинический случай и обзор литературы)

We report the case of advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma with brain, pulmonary, hepatic and bone metastases treated with pazopanib.We observed the complete response in brain metastases and stable extracranial disease after 4 years of the treatment. According to the literature review this is the first reported case of complete response to pazopanib in brain metastases in renal cell carcinoma.Представлен клинический случай, демонстрирующий длительный контроль распространенного светлоклеточного почечно-клеточного рака с метастазами в головной мозг, легкие, печень, кости при применении пазопаниба. Показано, что эффект сохраняется в течение 4 лет; наблюдается полный ответ в отношении метастазов в головной мозг при стабилизации экстракраниального метастатического процесса. Как показывает обзор литературы, наше наблюдение является первым опубликованным описанием случая полного ответа со стороны метастазов в головной мозг при применении пазопаниба

Противовирусная активность лекарственного препарата на основе РНК двуспиральной натриевой соли в отношении SARS-CoV-2 in vitro

Scientific relevance. Innate immune activation in the early phases of COVID-19 infection and subsequent interferon induction may help control viral replication and protect cells not yet infected with SARS-CoV-2. Thus, immunostimulants that induce interferon (IFN), including double-stranded RNA-based agents, are a promising means of post-exposure prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19 at early stages.Aim. The study evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of a double-stranded RNA sodium salt-based medicinal product against SARS-CoV-2.Materials and methods. The authors analysed the double-stranded RNA sodium salt-based medicinal product RADAMIN®VIRO using Vero cells and the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.617). The virus titre was calculated as the tissue cytopathic dose that caused 50% cell death. The authors measured the content of IFN-α and IFN-γ in the culture fluid by enzyme immunoassay and assessed the viral load by real-time polymerase chain reaction (using the cycle threshold value) and by titration (using Vero cells).Results. The studied double-stranded RNA sodium salt-based medicinal product at a concentration of 250 or 500 μg/mL induced IFN-α and IFN-γ expression by Vero cells, thus increasing their resistance to SARS-CoV-2. The authors evaluated the antiviral activity of the medicinal product based on the virus titre, viral load, and cell monolayer damage. The antiviral activity became clear 24 h after treatment, which confirmed the ability of the medicinal product to inhibit the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in vitro as early as the first day after infection.Conclusions. The double-stranded RNA sodium salt-based medicinal product induced IFN-α and IFN-γ synthesis in Vero cells, increasing their resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. These results demonstrate the immunomodulatory and antiviral potential of the medicinal product.Актуальность. Активация механизмов врожденного иммунитета на ранних фазах развития инфекции COVID-19 и, как следствие, последующая индукция продукции интерферонов может способствовать контролю репликации вируса и защите еще неинфицированных SARS-CoV-2 клеток. В связи с этим в качестве средств постконтактной профилактики и лечения COVID-19 на ранних этапах представляется перспективным применение иммуностимулирующих препаратов, вызывающих индукцию интерферонов, в том числе препаратов на основе двуспиральной РНК.Цель. Оценка противовирусной активности лекарственного препарата на основе РНК двуспиральной натриевой соли в отношении вируса SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.Материалы и методы. Препарат на основе РНК двуспиральной натриевой соли (РАДАМИН®ВИРО). Эксперименты выполняли на культуре клеток Vero. В исследовании использовали вариант дельта вируса SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.617). Проводили оценку цитопатического действия вируса. Титр вируса рассчитывали как показатель тканевой цитопатической дозы, вызывающей гибель 50% клеток. Содержание интерферонов α и γ в культуральной жидкости определяли с помощью метода иммуноферментного анализа, вирусную нагрузку – методом полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени (по показателю Ct) и титр вируса – титрованием на культуре клеток Vero.Результаты. Внесение препарата на основе РНК двуспиральной натриевой соли в концентрациях 250 мкг/мл и 500 мкг/мл к клеткам линии Vero приводит к индукции секреции интерферонов α и γ, что повышает резистентность клеток к заражению вирусом SARS-CoV-2. Противовирусная активность исследуемого препарата, оцениваемая по значениям показателей титра вируса, вирусной нагрузки и уровня поражения клеточного монослоя, отмечается через 24 ч после его воздействия, что показывает способность препарата задерживать размножение вируса SARS-CoV-2 in vitro уже в течение первых суток после заражения.Выводы. Препарат на основе РНК двуспиральной натриевой соли индуцирует синтез интерферонов α и γ клетками линии Vero, повышая устойчивость клеток к заражению SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, что свидетельствует о иммуномодулирующем и противовирусном потенциале исследованного препарата

PF-05280014 (a trastuzumab biosimilar) plus paclitaxel compared with reference trastuzumab plus paclitaxel for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer: a randomised, double-blind study

BACKGROUND: This randomised, double-blind study compared PF-05280014 (a trastuzumab biosimilar) with reference trastuzumab (Herceptin®) sourced from the European Union (trastuzumab-EU), when each was given with paclitaxel as first-line treatment for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. METHODS: Between 4 April 2014 and 22 January 2016, 707 participants were randomised 1:1 to receive intravenous PF-05280014 plus paclitaxel (PF-05280014 group; n = 352) or trastuzumab-EU plus paclitaxel (trastuzumab-EU group; n = 355). PF-05280014 or trastuzumab-EU was administered weekly (first dose 4 mg/kg, subsequent doses 2 mg/kg), with the option to change to a 3-weekly regimen (6 mg/kg) from Week 33. Treatment with PF-05280014 or trastuzumab-EU could continue until disease progression. Paclitaxel (starting dose 80 mg/m2 ) was administered on Days 1, 8 and 15 of 28-day cycles for at least six cycles or until maximal benefit of response. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR), evaluating responses achieved by Week 25 and confirmed by Week 33, based on blinded central radiology review. RESULTS: The risk ratio for ORR was 0.940 (95% CI: 0.842–1.049). The 95% CI fell within the pre-specified equivalence margin of 0.80–1.25. ORR was 62.5% (95% CI: 57.2–67.6%) in the PF-05280014 group and 66.5% (95% CI: 61.3–71.4%) in the trastuzumab-EU group. As of data cut-off on 11 January 2017 (using data up to 378 days post-randomisation), there were no notable differences between groups in progression-free survival (median: 12.16 months in the PF-05280014 group vs. 12.06 months in the trastuzumab-EU group; 1-year rate: 54% vs. 51%) or overall survival (median: not reached in either group; 1-year rate: 89.31% vs. 87.36%). Safety outcomes and immunogenicity were similar between the treatment groups. CONCLUSION: When given as first-line treatment for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, PF-05280014 plus paclitaxel demonstrated equivalence to trastuzumab-EU plus paclitaxel in terms of ORR. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT0198967