PENGARUH INOKULASI BAKTERI Rhizobium japanicum TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN KACANG KEDELAI (Glycine max L)

Background: In Indonesia, soy is the third crop after rice and maize. Not only as a food ingredient, soybean (Glycine max L) also known as animal feed and industry. Method: The materials used in this study are Rhizobin, seed soybeans, sugar, and ground. Research using a completely randomized design (CRD), which consists of one factor, ie the number of Rhizobium inoculation, with concentrations: A0 = Control, A1 = concentration of 3 g, A2 = Concentration 5 g, and A3 = concentration of 7 g. Each treatment was repeated three times. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by honest significant difference test at significant level of 0.5% and 0.1%. Result: Delivery of bacterial inoculation treatments gave a significant influence on plant height, leaf number, and the number of soybean root nodules, obtained on treatment of Rhizobium inoculation A3 = concentration of 7g. T treatment of bacterial inoculation of soybeans increases the diameter of the rod, but no significant effect on stem diameter of soybean. Conclusion: Bacteria Rhizobium inoculation japanicum significant effect on the growth of soybean plant, ie plant height, number of leaves and number of root nodules, but no significant effect on stem diameter. Concentration Inoculation of Rhizobium bacteria are the most influential on A3 concentrations (7g), followed by concentration of A2 (5g), then the concentration of A1 (3g), and control (A0)

Preemptive and Preventive Measures in Combating Domestic Violence

Elimination of domestic violence is a guarantee given by the state to prevent any violent acts within households, to take action against perpetrators of domestic violence, and to protect victims of domestic violence. Violence against women today are increasing significantly. With the increasing number of cases of violence against women as housewives and the alarming effect it, Indonesian government decided to ratify Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 23 Year 2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence (Law of PKDRT) on September 14, 2004. Article 4 of the PKDRT Law emphasizes that the elimination of domestic violence aims to prevent all forms of violent acts within an household. In order to do preventive measures toward domestic violence, the Ministry which duties and responsibilities are in the field empowerment of women needs to carry out preventive actions, including organizing communication and information including education related to prevention of domestic violence. The Law of PKDRT is made as a legal basis for prevention and enforcement toward domestic violence. Preventing violence against women is a shared responsibility between the government and the community, this can be seen in Chapter V, in Article 12 and Article 15 of PKDRT Law. Therefore, it is our responsibility to prevent and eliminate all forms of violence that occur within the household. Efforts to prevent violence against women as housewives can be done or prevented through two forms, through pre-emptive efforts and preventive efforts. Keywords: combating, domestic violence, preemptive and preventive measures

Small fibre neuropathy : expanding the clinical pain universe

Small fibre neuropathy (SFN) is a disorder of thinly myelinated A\u3b4 and unmyelinated C fibres. SFN is clinically dominated by neuropathic pain and autonomic complaints, leading to a significant reduction in quality of life. According to international criteria, the diagnosis is established by the assessment of intra-epidermal nerve fibre density and/or quantitative sensory testing. SFN is mainly associated with autoimmune diseases, sodium channel gene variants, diabetes mellitus, and vitamin B12 deficiencies, although in more than one-half of patients no etiology can be identified. Recently, gain-of-function variants in the genes encoding for the Nav 1.7, Nav 1.8 and Nav 1.9 sodium channel subunits have been discovered in SFN patients, enlarging the spectrum of underlying conditions. Sodium channel gene variants associated with SFN can lead to a diversity of phenotypes, including different pain distributions and presence or absence of autonomic symptoms. This suggests that SFN is part of a clinical continuum. New assessments might contribute to a better understanding of the cellular and molecular substrates of SFN and might provide improved diagnostic methods and trial designs in the future. Identification of the underlying mechanisms may inform the development of drugs that more effectively address neuropathic pain and autonomic symptoms of SFN

Kajian Potensi Rizobakteri Pemacu Pertumbuhan Tanaman yang Diisolasi dari Rizosfer Padi Sehat

The experiment was carried out to characterize the ability of rhizobacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy lowland rice in dissolving phosphate or fixing nitrogen. The research was conducted from February to June 2011 at Agronomy Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty, Halu Oleo University. The experiment was arranged based on descriptive methods. Overall, the number of isolates characterized were 40 isolates. The results of the isolate characterization were documentated with specific indicators (eg. the ability to dissolve phosphate in the form of halo/clear zone). The research indicated that most of these isolates had the ability to dissolve phosphate and fix nitrogen. Isolates PKNW 6, PKMN 7, PKNS 3, PKNS 9 and PKNW 4 showed better ability in dissolving phosphate and fixing nitrogen than other isolates evaluated. Further studies are still needed for the development of the potential isolates as biological agensts or biofertilizer

Selection of head and neck cancer patients for adaptive radiotherapy to decrease xerostomia

AbstractBackground and purposeThe aim of this study was to develop and validate a method to select head and neck cancer patients for adaptive radiotherapy (ART) pre-treatment. Potential pre-treatment selection criteria presented in recent literature were included in the analysis.Materials and methodsDeviations from the planned parotid gland mean dose (PG ΔDmean) were estimated for 113 head and neck cancer patients by re-calculating plans on repeat CT scans. Uni- and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to select pre-treatment parameters, and ROC curve analysis was used to determine cut off values, for selecting patients with a PG dose deviation larger than 3Gy. The patient selection method was validated in a second patient cohort of 43 patients.ResultsAfter multivariable analysis, the planned PG Dmean remained the only significant parameter for PG ΔDmean. A sensitivity of 91% and 80% could be obtained using a threshold of PG Dmean of 22.2Gy, for the development and validation cohorts, respectively. This would spare 38% (development cohort) and 24% (validation cohort) of patients from the labour-intensive ART procedure.ConclusionsThe presented method to select patients for ART pre-treatment reduces the labour of ART, contributing to a more effective allocation of the department resources

Painful and painless mutations of SCN9A and SCN11A voltage-gated sodium channels

Chronic pain is a global problem affecting up to 20% of the world’s population and has a significant economic, social and personal cost to society. Sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) detect noxious stimuli and transmit this sensory information to regions of the central nervous system (CNS) where activity is perceived as pain. DRG neurons express multiple voltage-gated sodium channels that underlie their excitability. Research over the last 20 years has provided valuable insights into the critical roles that two channels, NaV1.7 and NaV1.9, play in pain signalling in man. Gain of function mutations in NaV1.7 cause painful conditions while loss of function mutations cause complete insensitivity to pain. Only gain of function mutations have been reported for NaV1.9. However, while most NaV1.9 mutations lead to painful conditions, a few are reported to cause insensitivity to pain. The critical roles these channels play in pain along with their low expression in the CNS and heart muscle suggest they are valid targets for novel analgesic drugs

Network topology of NaV1.7 mutations in sodium channel-related painful disorders

Background: Gain-of-function mutations in SCN9A gene that encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 have been associated with a wide spectrum of painful syndromes in humans including inherited erythromelalgia, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder and small fibre neuropathy. These mutations change the biophysical properties of NaV1.7 channels leading to hyperexcitability of dorsal root ganglion nociceptors and pain symptoms. There is a need for better understanding of how gain-of-function mutations alter the atomic structure of Nav1.7. Results: We used homology modeling to build an atomic model of NaV1.7 and a network-based theoretical approach, which can predict interatomic interactions and connectivity arrangements, to investigate how pain-related NaV1.7 mutations may alter specific interatomic bonds and cause connectivity rearrangement, compared to benign variants and polymorphisms. For each amino acid substitution, we calculated the topological parameters betweenness centrality (Bct), degree (D), clustering coefficient (CCct), closeness (Cct), and eccentricity (Ect), and calculated their variation (value= mutantvalue-WTvalue). Pathogenic NaV1.7 mutations showed significantly higher variation of |Bct| compared to benign variants and polymorphisms. Using the cut-off value \uc2\ub10.26 calculated by receiver operating curve analysis, we found that Bctcorrectly differentiated pathogenic NaV1.7 mutations from variants not causing biophysical abnormalities (nABN) and homologous SNPs (hSNPs) with 76% sensitivity and 83% specificity. Conclusions: Our in-silico analyses predict that pain-related pathogenic NaV1.7 mutations may affect the network topological properties of the protein and suggest |Bct| value as a potential in-silico marker

Peran Balai Pemasyarakatan (Bapas) dalam Proses Penyelesaian Tindak Pidana yang Dilakukan Anak Berbasis Restoratif Justice

The perpetrators did not know the age, even children can also be perpetrators of crime, and punishable by imprisonment, so that his rights as a child threatened by the state, such as the right to education, and play, for the Hall of Correctional (BAPAS) kids there for protect the rights of children in conflict with the law to realize Restorative Justice. BAPAS role in the process of the juvenile justice system is necessary, to carry out diversion as a form of restorative justice. Protection of children rights should be at the stage before the trial, the trial and after the trial. Furthermore it is necessary to increase human resource officer BAPAS, judges, prosecutors and police for dealing with juvenile delinquents to achieve restorativ

Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Hak Perempuan sebagai Korban Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga (Kajian Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia)

Issues of justice and human rights in relation to the enforcement of the law is not a simple job to be realized. Violence against women in general is a serious problem experienced by many women in Indonesia, because this issue is like a small pyramid on top but large at the bottom because it's hard to get an exact figure because of the "sensitivity" of the issue. Violence against women is all forms of violence resulting in pain or suffering to women including threats,hamper, curb, negating the enjoyment and constitutes a violation of Human Rights, whichresulted in suffering the physical, psychological, or sexual well occurs outside or within thescope of the household itself