Urinary tract infection among intellectual disability individuals ?Etiology and antibiotic resistance patterns? in rehabilitation centers of Mazandaran province, Northern Iran

Objective. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are amongst the most common infections and account for large proportion of antibacte- rial drug consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the rate and the etiologic agents of UTIs in inhabitants of rehabili- tation centers of Mazandaran province in northern Iran and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the uropatho- gens isolated. Methods. Clean catch midstream urine sample was collected from each of 314 participants (163 males, 151 females) residing in 12 rehabilitation centers of Ramsar, Nowshahr, Chalous, Amol, Sari and Behshahr. Urine specimens were cultured and bacterial iso- lates were identified by conventional methods. All urines fulfilling the criteria for the presence of significant bacteriuria (?104 cfu / ml urine) were defined as positive. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results. The rate of urinary tract infection was 30.9% with the highest rate in pediatrics (p inf. 0.0001).The prevalence of UTIs were shown to be higher in females than in males with the rate of 46.3% in young aged females (20-29 years), 60% in middle aged group (40-49 years) and 50% in elderly (> 50 years). Bacteria most frequently isolated from urine specimens was Escherichia coli (39.2%) with the highest rate of infection in females age group inf. 10 years (p inf. 0.001). Among the antibiotics tested against the isolated organisms for susceptibility test, ceftriaxone and gentamicin main- tain good activity against the majority of gram negative bacteria that cause UTIs recovered from individuals with intellectual dis- ability. Vancomycin was effective against Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions. This survey shows that the prevalence of UTIs among inhabitants of institutions for mentally retarded persons in Mazandaran province of Iran is much higher than normal population

Bacteriological study of raw and unexpired pasteurized cow?s milk collected at the dairy farms and super markets in Sari city in 2011

Introduction. The quality of milk is influenced by different bac- teria present in milk. This study was undertaken to investigate the bacterial contamination of raw and pasteurized milk in Sari Township, Iran, 2011. Methods. In this investigation, 100 pasteurized milk samples were collected randomly from the super markets in the city and 100 raw milk samples from 4 dairy farms from suburb areas and evaluated for the presence of coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphy- lococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes by culture methods and biochemical tests. Data analysis was performed by SPSS soft- ware using X2 test and described in percentage. Results. In the raw milk, contamination with E. coli, coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus was observed in 42 (42%), 36 (36%) and 22 (22%) of samples respectively, and the same for the pas- teurized milk samples was 9 (9%), 2 (2%) and 2 (2%), respec- tively. Listeria monocytogenes was not detected in any sample. Presence of E. coli in the milk could be due to contamination with waste water and fecal materials. Conclusions. Considering the contamination of raw and pas- teurized milk with E. coli and coliforms, sanitary practice during collecting and transporting, particularly in the summer season is recommended

Antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii to imipenem in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Imipenem-resistant multi-drug resistant (IR-MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii has been emerged as a morbidity successful nosocomial pathogen throughout the world.To address imipenem being yet the most effective antimicrobial agent against A. baumannii to control outbreaks and treat patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the prevalence of IR-MDR A. baumannii. We systematically searched Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, Science Direct, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Iranian databases to identify studies addressing the antibiotic resistance of A. baumannii to imipenem and the frequency of MDR strains in Iran. Out of 58 articles and after a secondary screening using inclusion and exclusion criteria and on the basis of title and abstract evaluation, 51 studies were selected for analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that 55% [95% confidence interval (CI), 53.0–56.5] of A. baumannii were resistant to imipenem and 74% (95% CI, 61.3–83.9) were MDR. The MDR A. baumannii population in Iran is rapidly changing toward a growing resistance to imipenem. Our findings highlight the critical need for a comprehensive monitoring and infection control policy as well as a national susceptibility review program that evaluates IR-MDR A. baumannii isolates from various parts of Iran