Optical study of sonic and supersonic jet penetration from a flat plate into a Mach 2 airstream

Optical study of sonic and supersonic jet penetration from flat plate into Mach 2 airstrea

Burning rate control of solid propellants Patent

Pressurized gas injection for burning rate control of solid propellant

Navier-Stokes analysis of transonic cascade flow

A new kind of C-type grid is proposed, this grid is non-periodic on the wake and allows minimum skewness for cascades with high turning and large camber. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved on this type of grid using a finite volume discretization and a full multigrid method which uses Runge-Kutta stepping as the driving scheme. The Baldwin-Lomax eddy-viscosity model is used for turbulence closure. A detailed numerical study is proposed for a highly loaded transonic blade. A grid independence analysis is presented in terms of pressure distribution, exit flow angles, and loss coefficient. Comparison with experiments clearly demonstrates the capability of the proposed procedure

Multigrid calculation of three-dimensional viscous cascade flows

A 3-D code for viscous cascade flow prediction was developed. The space discretization uses a cell-centered scheme with eigenvalue scaling to weigh the artificial dissipation terms. Computational efficiency of a four stage Runge-Kutta scheme is enhanced by using variable coefficients, implicit residual smoothing, and a full multigrid method. The Baldwin-Lomax eddy viscosity model is used for turbulence closure. A zonal, nonperiodic grid is used to minimize mesh distortion in and downstream of the throat region. Applications are presented for an annular vane with and without end wall contouring, and for a large scale linear cascade. The calculation is validated by comparing with experiments and by studying grid dependency

Analytical and physical modeling program for the NASA Lewis Research Center's Altitude Wind Tunnel (AWT)

An effort is currently underway at the NASA Lewis Research Center to rehabilitate and extend the capabilities of the Altitude Wind Tunnel (AWT). This extended capability will include a maximum test section Mach number of about 0.9 at an altitude of 55,000 ft and a -20 F stagnation temperature (octagonal test section, 20 ft across the flats). In addition, the AWT will include an icing and acoustic research capability. In order to insure a technically sound design, an AWT modeling program (both analytical and physical) was initiated to provide essential input to the AWT final design process. This paper describes the modeling program, including the rationale and criteria used in program definition, and presents some early program results

Relations between different objective milking speed recording systems

This study aimed to analyse the sources of variation of milking speed assessed through automatic computerised devices included in milking machines, to study the relationships between this trait and milking speed assessed through stopwatch and to develop statistical procedures useful for converting automatic device milking time into stopwatch milking time in order to obtain a fast, simple and cheap collection of milking time records for genetic evaluation purposes. A total of 571 records of stopwatch milking time (SMT), device milking time (DMT) and milk yield at milking were collected in 23 herds of the Trentino Alto Adige region in Italy equipped with two types of automatic milking devices. After log-transformation of SMT (lnSMT) and DMT (lnDMT) and a preliminary analysis of sources of variation of lnDMT, dataset was partitioned into two mutually exclusive subsets: a calibration one, used for statistical analysis, and a validation one, used as test set to validate the prediction models. This procedure was replicated 6 times in order to repeat the cross validation accordingly. Three conversion models have been compared, based on different combinations of the effects of lnDMT, milking device and herd within milking device on lnSMT. Solutions of the models have been applied for each replicate to the validation dataset for estimating lnSMT and the soundness of conversion equations have been evaluated considering the correlation between estimated and actual lnSMT and bias and precision of estimates. Milking time assessed through different procedures resulted in differences between methods for both mean and distribution, and these suggested the need of developing statistical procedures aimed to the conversion of DMT into SMT before their use in sire evaulation. The soundness of the models tended to slightly increase with the increase in the number of effects considered. The correlation between estimated and actual SMT was in the range of 0.80 to 0.86, the estimated bias was close to 0 for all models and the precision, i.e. the average standard deviation of the difference between estimated and actual SMT, in the range of 8-9% of the mean of actual SMT. In conclusion, conversion equations proposed for joining the two sources of information performed satisfactorily, giving rise to SMT accurate estimates, which were not distorted and fairly precise. The use of such equations can support the integration of automatically acquired milking time records into breeding schemes, which is advisable for increasing the number of sires progeny tested and the accuracy of breeding values estimated

genetic aspects of milk electrical conductivity in italian brown cattle

Electrical conductivity (EC) of milk is defined as an indicator of the udder health. The EC is a low cost and easy recordable information in dairy herds with automatic milking systems. The heritability of EC showed to be higher than somatic cell count and for this reason might be an useful trait for indirect selection for mastitis resistance. The heritability for EC in Italian Brown cattle was equal to 0.23. Therefore, EC could be useful not only for dairy cows management but also for selection of dairy cows. The high correlation between breeding values for SCC and EC is promising in order for improving mastitis resistance and functional ability of dairy cows

Delayed self-recognition in children with autism spectrum disorder.

This study aimed to investigate temporally extended self-awareness (awareness of one’s place in and continued existence through time) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), using the delayed self-recognition (DSR) paradigm (Povinelli et al., Child Development 67:1540–1554, 1996). Relative to age and verbal ability matched comparison children, children with ASD showed unattenuated performance on the DSR task, despite showing significant impairments in theory-of-mind task performance, and a reduced propensity to use personal pronouns to refer to themselves. The results may indicate intact temporally extended self-awareness in ASD. However, it may be that the DSR task is not an unambiguous measure of temporally extended self-awareness and it can be passed through strategies which do not require the possession of a temporally extended self-concept

The modulatory role of sulfated and non-sulfated small molecule heparan sulfate-glycomimetics in endothelial dysfunction:absolute structural clarification, molecular docking and simulated dynamics, SAR analyses and ADME studies

The conceptual technology of small molecule glycomimetics, exemplified by compounds C1–4, has shown promising protective effects against lipid-induced endothelial dysfunction, restorative effects on diabetic endothelial colony forming cells, and preventative effects on downstream vascular calcification amongst other important in vitro and ex vivo studies. We report the optimised synthesis of an array of 17 small molecule glycomimetics, including the regio-, enantio- and diastereo-meric sulfated scaffolds of a hit structure along with novel desulfated examples. For the first time, the absolute stereochemical configurations of C1–4 have been clarified based on an identified and consistent anomaly with the Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reaction. We have investigated the role and importance of sulfation pattern, location, regioisomers, and spatial orientation of distal sulfate groups on the modulation of endothelial dysfunction through their interaction with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). In silico studies demonstrated the key interactions the persulfated glycomimetics make with HGF and revealed the importance of both sulfate density and positioning (both point chirality and vector) to biological activity. In vitro biological data of the most efficient binding motifs, along with desulfated comparators, support the modulatory effects of sulfated small molecule glycomimetics in the downstream signaling cascade of endothelial dysfunction. In vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity (ADMET) data demonstrate the glycomimetic approach to be a promising approach for hit-to-lead studies

Are chimpanzees really so poor at understanding imperative pointing? Some new data and an alternative view of canine and ape social cognition

There is considerable interest in comparative research on different species’ abilities to respond to human communicative cues such as gaze and pointing. It has been reported that some canines perform significantly better than monkeys and apes on tasks requiring the comprehension of either declarative or imperative pointing and these differences have been attributed to domestication in dogs. Here we tested a sample of chimpanzees on a task requiring comprehension of an imperative request and show that, though there are considerable individual differences, the performance by the apes rival those reported in pet dogs. We suggest that small differences in methodology can have a pronounced influence on performance on these types of tasks. We further suggest that basic differences in subject sampling, subject recruitment and rearing experiences have resulted in a skewed representation of canine abilities compared to those of monkeys and apes