Socioeconomic Determinants of Antibiotic Consumption in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: The Effect of Restricting Over-The-Counter Sales.

BACKGROUND: Improper antibiotic use is one of the main drivers of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, increasing infectious diseases morbidity and mortality and raising costs of healthcare. The level of antibiotic consumption has been shown to vary according to socioeconomic determinants (SED) such as income and access to education. In many Latin American countries, antibiotics could be easily purchased without a medical prescription in private pharmacies before enforcement of restrictions on over-the-counter (OTC) sales in recent years. Brazil issued a law abolishing OTC sales in October 2010. This study seeks to find SED of antibiotic consumption in the Brazilian state of São Paulo (SSP) and to estimate the impact of the 2010 law. METHODS: Data on all oral antibiotic sales having occurred in the private sector in SSP from 2008 to 2012 were pooled into the 645 municipalities of SSP. Linear regression was performed to estimate consumption levels that would have occurred in 2011 and 2012 if no law regulating OTC sales had been issued in 2010. These values were compared to actual observed levels, estimating the effect of this law. Linear regression was performed to find association of antibiotic consumption levels and of a greater effect of the law with municipality level data on SED obtained from a nationwide census. RESULTS: Oral antibiotic consumption in SSP rose from 8.44 defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID) in 2008 to 9.95 in 2010, and fell to 8.06 DID in 2012. Determinants of a higher consumption were higher human development index, percentage of urban population, density of private health establishments, life expectancy and percentage of females; lower illiteracy levels and lower percentage of population between 5 and 15 years old. A higher percentage of females was associated with a stronger effect of the law. CONCLUSIONS: SSP had similar antibiotic consumption levels as the whole country of Brazil, and they were effectively reduced by the policy

Transpiration response of upland rice to water deficit changed by different levels of eucalyptus biochar.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of eucalyptus biochar on the transpiration rate of upland rice 'BRSMG Curinga' as an alternative means to decrease the effect of water stress on plant growth and development. Two‑pot experiments were carried out using a completely randomized block design, in a split-plot arrangement, with six replicates. Main plots were water stress (WS) and no‑water stress (NWS), and the subplots were biochar doses at 0, 6, 12 and 24% in growing medium (sand). Total transpirable soil water (TTSW), the p factor ? defined as the average fraction of TTSW which can be depleted from the root zone before water stress limits growth ?, and the normalized transpiration rate (NTR) were determined. Biochar addition increased TTSW and the p factor, and reduced NTR. Consequently, biochar addition was able to change the moisture threshold (p factor) of the growing medium, up to 12% maximum concentration, delaying the point where transpiration declines and affects yield

Effects of vinasse irrigation on effluent ionic concentration in Brazilian Oxisols.

The irrigation with vinasse can improve soil fertility. However, this use should take into account the characteristics of each soil because the vinasse has unbalanced amounts of mineral and organic elements which might lead to leach the ions, especially nitrate and potassium. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impacts of vinasse irrigation on effluent ionic concentrations in Brazilian Ferralsols from two areas in Central Brazil: a sugarcane field, and a natural undisturbed savannah area. Soil samples from the two sites were placed into PVC columns with 120 cm height × 25 cm diameter with sugarcane. Undiluted vinasse was applied once on the surface of the soil columns at doses equivalent to 0, 300, 600 and 1200 m3 ha-1. After 0, 60, 90 and 120 days of irrigation, samples of the effluent were collected and the concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM), Cl, Ca, Mg, Na, K, total Fe, NH4 +, NO3 -, SO4 2- as well as pH were determined. The ions concentration data were modeled in the chemical equilibrium model Visual Minteq v. 3.0. Results revealed vinasse?s dose, days after irrigation and land use had a relevant effect on most nutrients effluent concentration. Contrasting pH values were observed for both soils and in the savannah soil was observed a decrease in pH at high vinasse doses. This paper thus revealed leaching of the DOM was strongly time dependent. High vinasse doses may lead to increase nutrient leaching and soil dispersion regardless the land use and time after irrigation

Taxas de decomposição de resíduos de espécies de cobertura em latossolo vermelho distroférrico.

O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, no município de Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, sob plantio direto. Empregaram-se as seguintes espécies vegetais: braquiária, braquiária consorciada com milho, guandu, milheto, capim mombaça, sorgo e estilosantes. A fitomassa foi cortada, deixada sobre o solo e coletadas amostras, que foram acondicionadas em saquinhos de náilon. Periodicamente os saquinhos foram pesados, para avaliar as perdas de massa das palhadas e as taxas de decomposição, até os 150 dias após o corte. Em termos de perdas relativas de massa das palhadas aos 150 dias, tomando como referência o tempo inicial, estabeleceuse a ordem decrescente: i) gramíneas ? sorgo (80%) > capim mombaça (64%) > milheto (58%) > braquiária em cultivo solteiro 56%) e consorciado (48%); e ii) leguminosas ? estilosantes (72%) > guandu (65%). Quando as perdas relativas de massa são projetadas para 360 dias, tomando-se como referência o tempo inicial, estabeleceu-se a ordem decrescente: i) gramíneas ? sorgo e braquiária consorciada (86%) > capim mombaça (69%) > milheto 65%) > braquiária solteira (62%); e ii) leguminosas ? estilosantes 83%) > guandu (79%)

Produção de fitomassa de espécies de cobertura em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico.

Avaliou-se a produção de fitomassa total (MST) e o índice de área foliar (IAF) de culturas de cobertura em sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi conduzido em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, no município de Santo Antônio de Goiás (16º28'S de latitude, 49º17'W de longitude e altitude de 823 m). Usaram-se as seguintes culturas: braquiária, braquiária consorciada com milho, guandu, milheto, mombaça, sorgo e estilosantes. Para fins de análise de crescimento, coletaram-se semanalmente as partes aéreas das plantas e determinaram-se a área foliar e a fitomassa total. Os valores estimados de MST das gramíneas foram: braquiária solteira > sorgo > milho > capim mombaça > milheto > milho em consórcio com braquiária; e das leguminosas: guandu > estilosantes. Os valores estimados de IAF das gramíneas seguem a ordem decrescente: braquiária solteira > capim mombaça > milheto ? sorgo > milho > milho em consórcio com braquiária; e das leguminosas: estilosantes > guandu

Liberação de nutrientes durante a decomposição da biomassa de culturas de cobertura em solo do Cerrado no sistema plantio direto.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o acúmulo e a liberação de macronutrientes da biomassa seca, da braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha) e do capim mombaça (Panicum maximum), utilizadas como cobertura de solo, no sistema de plantio direto, nas condições da região do Cerrado.FertBio 2010

Ergodic properties of quasi-Markovian generalized Langevin equations with configuration dependent noise and non-conservative force

We discuss the ergodic properties of quasi-Markovian stochastic differential equations, providing general conditions that ensure existence and uniqueness of a smooth invariant distribution and exponential convergence of the evolution operator in suitably weighted $L^{\infty}$ spaces, which implies the validity of central limit theorem for the respective solution processes. The main new result is an ergodicity condition for the generalized Langevin equation with configuration-dependent noise and (non-)conservative force

Relações da produção de massa verde de Brachiaria brizantha com os índices de disponibilidade de nutrientes em solos sob o Sistema Barreirão de manejo.

Avaliaram-se as relações da produção de massa verde com a disponibilidade dos nutrientes em um latossolo vermelho-escuro, distrófico, fase Cerrado, textura média, em áreas de pastagem provenientes da abertura do cerrado original. Formou-se o pasto, aplicando-se 1,5 t ha-1 de calcário calcítico e semeadura direta com Brachiaria decumbens. Após dez anos de uso, renovou-se a pastagem através do Sistema Barreirão, corrigindo-a com 2,0 t ha-1 de calcário dolomítico. Em uma única operação, semearam-se o arroz e a Brachiaria brizantha mais a adubação nas profundidades de 3 a 5 cm e de 8 a 10 cm, respectivamente. Monitoraram-se áreas com um a seis anos de implantação do sistema, tendo como referências uma área de mata nativa e outra de dezessete anos de pastejo tradicional. Os dados obtidos levam a concluir: i) a relação entre produção de massa verde e teores de matéria orgânica no solo fornece um nível crítico de 19,5 g MO kg-1 de solo, que não pode ser interpretado como indicador confiável de nitrogênio disponível por causa do caráter dinâmico da matéria orgânica no solo; ii) as relações entre produção de massa verde e teores de nutrientes nos solos permitem estabelecer níveis críticos para: cálcio + magnésio trocáveis ? 4,5 cmolc dm-3 de solo, potássio trocável ? 123 mg dm-3, zinco disponível ?1,7 mg Zn dm-3 e cobre disponível ? 2,2 mg Cu dm-3; iii) não foi possível determinar o nível crítico de fósforo disponível pelo extrator Mehlich-1, porque a dose de fosfato aplicada foi insuficiente para sustentar a produtividade do sistema ao longo dos anos

High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging reveals nuclei of the human amygdala: manual segmentation to automatic atlas

Available online 4 May 2017The amygdala is composed of multiple nuclei with unique functions and connections in the limbic system and to the rest of the brain. However, standard in vivo neuroimaging tools to automatically delineate the amygdala into its multiple nuclei are still rare. By scanning postmortem specimens at high resolution (100–150 µm) at 7 T field strength (n = 10), we were able to visualize and label nine amygdala nuclei (anterior amygdaloid, cortico-amygdaloid transition area; basal, lateral, accessory basal, central, cortical medial, paralaminar nuclei). We created an atlas from these labels using a recently developed atlas building algorithm based on Bayesian inference. This atlas, which will be released as part of FreeSurfer, can be used to automatically segment nine amygdala nuclei from a standard resolution structural MR image. We applied this atlas to two publicly available datasets (ADNI and ABIDE) with standard resolution T1 data, used individual volumetric data of the amygdala nuclei as the measure and found that our atlas i) discriminates between Alzheimer's disease participants and age-matched control participants with 84% accuracy (AUC=0.915), and ii) discriminates between individuals with autism and age-, sex- and IQ-matched neurotypically developed control participants with 59.5% accuracy (AUC=0.59). For both datasets, the new ex vivo atlas significantly outperformed (all p < .05) estimations of the whole amygdala derived from the segmentation in FreeSurfer 5.1 (ADNI: 75%, ABIDE: 54% accuracy), as well as classification based on whole amygdala volume (using the sum of all amygdala nuclei volumes; ADNI: 81%, ABIDE: 55% accuracy). This new atlas and the segmentation tools that utilize it will provide neuroimaging researchers with the ability to explore the function and connectivity of the human amygdala nuclei with unprecedented detail in healthy adults as well as those with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.This work was supported by the PHS grant DA023427 and NICHD/ NIH grant F32HD079169 (Z.M.S); Feodor Lynen Postdoctoral Fellowship of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (D.K.); R21(MH106796), R21 (AG046657) and K01AG28521 (J.C.A.), the National Cancer Institute (1K25CA181632-01) as well as the Genentech Foundation (M.R.); the European Union's Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 654911 (project ”THALAMODEL”) and ERC Starting Grant agreement No 677697 (project “BUNGEE-TOOLS”); and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) reference TEC2014-51882-P (J.E.I.); and the NVIDIA hardware award (M.R. and J.E.I.). Further support for this research was provided in part by the National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (P41EB015896, R01EB006758, R21EB018907, R01EB019956, R01- EB013565), the National Institute on Aging (5R01AG008122, R01AG016495), the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1-R21-DK-108277-01), the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS0525851, R21NS072652, R01NS070963, R01NS083534, 5U01NS086625), the Massachusetts ADRC (P50AG005134) and was made possible by the resources provided by Shared Instrumentation Grants 1S10RR023401, 1S10RR019307, and 1S10RR023043. Additional support was provided by the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research (5U01-MH093765), part of the multi-institutional Human Connectome Project. In addition, BF has a financial interest in CorticoMetrics, a company whose medical pursuits focus on brain imaging and measurement technologies. BF's interests were reviewed and are managed by Massachusetts General Hospital and Partners HealthCare in accordance with their conflict of interest policies. The collection and sharing of the ADNI MRI data used in the evaluation was funded by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (National Institutes of Health Grant U01 AG024904) and DOD ADNI (Department of Defense award number W81XWH-12-2- 0012). ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, and through generous contributions from the following: Alzheimer's Association; Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation; BioClinica, Inc.; Biogen Idec Inc.; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Eisai Inc.; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and its affiliated company Genentech, Inc.; GE Healthcare; Innogenetics, N.V.; IXICO Ltd.; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC.; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC.; Medpace, Inc.; Merck & Co., Inc.; Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC.; NeuroRx Research; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc.; Piramal Imaging; Servier; Synarc Inc.; and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is providing funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada. Private sector contributions are facilitated by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (www. fnih.org). The grantee organization is the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, and the study is coordinated by the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study at the University of California, San Diego. ADNI data are disseminated by the Laboratory for Neuro Imaging at the University of Southern California

Acumulação de nutrientes no limbo foliar de guandu e estisolantes.

Guandu (Cajanus cajan) e estilosantes (Stylosanthes guianensis var. vulgaris cv. Mineirão) são duas leguminosas cultivadas em solos dos cerrados da região Centro-Oeste, utilizadas para adubação verde, produção de sementes e pastoreio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a acumulação dos nutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn e Fe no limbo foliar dessas leguminosas, em função dos dias após emergência (DAE) da planta. O experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, em Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As parcelas tiveram 6,0 m de largura e 20,0 m de comprimento. A adubação de plantio foi de 400 kg ha-1 da fórmula comercial 5-30-15. O plantio foi realizado em dezembro de 2001. Durante o ciclo das culturas, foram tomadas nove amostras aleatórias de limbos foliares para análise foliar. De posse da massa da matéria seca e da concentração dos nutrientes, calcularam-se as suas acumulações no limbo foliar das duas leguminosas. Fez-se o ajuste dos dados de acumulação do nutriente (Y) em função dos dias após a emergência (X) por um modelo exponencial quadrático Y = a exp(bx + cx2). O guandu produziu mais matéria seca e, de modo geral, teve maior acumulação de nutrientes que o estilosantes, até 98 dias de idade. Dentre os macronutrientes, as maiores acumulações foram de N e as menores de P. O micronutriente de maior acumulação no limbo foliar das duas leguminosas foi Fe, e o de menor acumulação, Cu