A Vision on Developing Countries Sustainable Future: A Synergy Effect of Drainage Systems on Wastewater Treatment Plant

Sustainable development is a fluid concept that can be elucidated in different ways, but, at its core agenda is aiming at reconciling the economic, social, environment and politics issues. Facing rapid population growth and over-exploitation of natural resources, water and wastewater management deserves greater emphasis. Particularly, in the developing countries, the concept of sustainable development needs to be incorporated into policies and decision making process.The central idea behind the study in hand is the integration of sustainable development concept into water and wastewater management. In essence, the main aim of this research is to investigate the effect of the combined sewer system on the design capacity of the Wastewater Treatment Plant. This will be achieved by presenting a case study of a Wastewater Treatment Plant located in the Gaza Strip. Data were gathered over a three month period from Beit Lahia Wastewater Treatment Plant. Results indicated an increase in Wastewater Treatment Plant’s construction, operational and maintenance cost when considering a combined drainage system, yet, the cost premium is typically not as high as is perceived. Furthermore, addressing Gaza Strip’s growing water scarcity and groundwater quality deterioration, planners need to craft strategies that ascertain not only cost effectiveness but also targeting the remaining three sustainability dimensions. Keywords: Drainage systems, Sustainability, Wastewater treatment plant

Aeromechanical stability of a hingeless rotor in hover and forward flight: Analysis and wind tunnel tests

A research effort of analysis and testing was conducted to investigate the ground resonance phenomenon of a soft in-plane hingeless rotor. Experimental data were obtained using a 9 ft. (2.74 m) diameter model rotor in hover and forward flight. Eight model rotor configurations were investigated. Configuration parameters included pitch flap coupling, blade sweep and droop, and precone of the blade feathering axis. An analysis based on a comprehensive analytical model of rotorcraft aerodynamics and dynamics was used. The moving block was used to experimentally determine the regressing lead lag mode damping. Good agreement was obtained between the analysis and test. Both analysis and experiment indicated ground resonance instability in hover. An outline of the analysis, a description of the experimental model and procedures, and comparison of the analytical and experimental data are presented

Wind-Tunnel Survey of an Oscillating Flow Field for Application to Model Helicopter Rotor Testing

A survey was conducted of the flow field produced by the Airstream Oscillator System (AOS) in the Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel (TDT). The magnitude of a simulated gust field was measured at 15 locations in the plane of a typical model helicopter rotor when tested in the TDT using the Aeroelastic Rotor Experimental System (ARES) model. These measurements were made over a range of tunnel dynamic pressures typical of those used for an ARES test. The data indicate that the gust field produced by the AOS is non-uniform across the tunnel test section, but should be sufficient to excite a model rotor

An experimental investigation of the aeromechanical stability of a hingeless rotor in hover and forward flight

Analysis and testing were conducted in the Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel to investigate the aeromechanical stability of a soft inplane hingeless rotor model. Rotor stability data were obtained in hover and in forward flight up to an advance ratio of 0.35. Model rotor parameters evaluated were blade sweep and droop, pre-cone of the blade feathering axis, and blade pitch-flap coupling. Data obtained during these tests are presented without analysis

Efficient method for transformer models implementation in distribution load flow matrix

Introduction. Most distribution networks are unbalanced and therefore require a specific solution for load flow. There are many works on the subject in the literature, but they mainly focus on simple network configurations. Among the methods dedicated to this problem, one can refer to the load flow method based on the bus injection to branch current and branch current to bus voltage matrices. Problem. Although this method is regarded as simple and complete, its drawback is the difficulty in supporting the transformer model as well as its winding connection types. Nevertheless, the method requires the system per unit to derive the load flow solution. Goal. In the present paper, our concern is the implementation of distribution transformers in the modeling and calculation of load flow in unbalanced networks. Methodology. Unlike previous method, distribution transformer model is introduced in the topology matrices without simplifying assumptions. Particularly, topology matrices were modified to take into account all winding types of both primary and secondary sides of transformer that conserve the equivalent scheme of an ideal transformer in series with an impedance. In addition, the adopted transformer models overcome the singularity problem that can be encountered when switching from the primary to the secondary side of transformer and inversely. Practical value. The proposed approach was applied to various distribution networks such as IEEE 4-nodes, IEEE 13-nodes and IEEE 37-nodes. The obtained results validate the method and show its effectiveness.Вступ. Більшість розподільчих мереж незбалансовані і тому потребують спеціального рішення для потоку навантаження. У літературі є багато робіт на цю тему, але переважно вони присвячені простим мережевим конфігураціям. Серед методів, присвячених цій проблемі, можна назвати метод потоку навантаження, заснований на введенні шини в матрицю струму відгалуження і відгалуження струму в матрицю напруги шини. Проблема. Хоча цей метод вважається простим та повним, його недоліком є складність підтримки моделі трансформатора, а також типів з’єднання його обмоток. Проте метод вимагає системи на одиницю для отримання рішення про потік навантаження. Мета. У цій статті нас цікавить застосування розподільних трансформаторів для моделювання та розрахунку потоку навантаження у незбалансованих мережах. Методологія. На відміну від попереднього методу, модель розподільного трансформатора вводиться в матриці топології без спрощення припущень. Зокрема, матриці топології були змінені, щоб врахувати всі типи обмоток як первинної, так і вторинної сторін трансформатора, які зберігають еквівалентну схему послідовно ідеально включеного трансформатора з імпедансом. Крім того, прийняті моделі трансформаторів долають проблему сингулярності, з якою можна зіткнутися при перемиканні з первинної на вторинну обмотку трансформатора і навпаки. Практична цінність. Пропонований підхід був застосований до різних розподільних мереж, таких як IEEE з 4 вузлами, IEEE з 13 вузлами та IEEE з 37 вузлами. Отримані результати підтверджують метод та показують його ефективність

Compact UWB band-notched antenna with integrated bluetooth for personal wireless communication and UWB applications

A compact band-notched UWB (Ultra-Wide Band) antenna with integrated Bluetooth is developed for personal wireless communication and UWB applications. The antenna operates at the UWB frequency band (3.1-10.6 GHz) as well as Bluetooth (2.4-2.484 GHz), with band-notch characteristics at the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) frequency band (5-6 GHz). A new technique of integrating Bluetooth within a UWB band-notched antenna is developed and analyzed. The UWB frequency band is realized by utilizing a conventional cylindrical radiating patch and a modified partial ground plane. The Bluetooth band is integrated using a miniaturized resonator with the addition of capacitors. Further, to mitigate the interference of the WLAN frequency band within the UWB spectrum, a conventional slot resonator is integrated within the radiator to achieve the task. The antenna is designed and fabricated, and its response in each case is provided. Moreover, the antenna exhibits a good radiation pattern with a stable gain in the passband. The present antenna is also compared to state-of-the-art structures proposed in the literature. The miniaturized dimensions (30 x 31 mm 2 ) of the antenna make it an excellent candidate for UWB and personal wireless communication applications.The publication of this article was funded by the Qatar National Library. Mirjavadi also appreciates the help from the Fidar Project Qaem Company (FPQ)

Magnetisation studies in Co-Tb / Pt multilayers

We have studied the magnetization in Co86Tb14/Pt multilayers under fields up to 1.8 T and as at room temperature. As the do-Tb layer thickness (tCoTb) decreases below 200 Å the saturation magnetization magnetization (M) increases, the rectangularity of the M-H loops and the coercivity (Hc ) decrease. The effective anisotropy Keff of the multilayers was determined by a torque magnetometer. The product Keff×tCoTb shows a linear dependence with tCoTb as normally found for the superlatices yielding the bulk and surface anisotropies of 106 erg/cm3 and –0.2 erg/cm2 , respectively. These results are explained in terms of an interfacial Co-Pt layer. Keff and Hc are related by the equation Hc = α Keffn/M with the fitting parameters α and n.We have studied the magnetization in Co86Tb14/Pt multilayers under fields up to 1.8 T and as at room temperature. As the do-Tb layer thickness (tCoTb) decreases below 200 Å the saturation magnetization magnetization (M) increases, the rectangularity of the M-H loops and the coercivity (Hc ) decrease. The effective anisotropy Keff of the multilayers was determined by a torque magnetometer. The product Keff×tCoTb shows a linear dependence with tCoTb as normally found for the superlatices yielding the bulk and surface anisotropies of 106 erg/cm3 and –0.2 erg/cm2 , respectively. These results are explained in terms of an interfacial Co-Pt layer. Keff and Hc are related by the equation Hc = α Keffn/M with the fitting parameters α and n

Surface Modification of Magnesium and its Alloys Using Anodization for Orthopedic Implant Application

Magnesium (Mg) as a biodegradable implant brings a revolution in medical field application, especially in bone implant and stent application. Biodegradability of Mg has attracted attentions of researchers to avoid secondary surgery to remove the implant materials after healing process. Various advantages of Mg make it suitable for medical application such as density, good mechanical properties and biodegradation. However, Mg biodegradability must be controlled to meet tissue-healing period of time because of the high degradation in a physiological environment. Fast corrosion and high alkalinity due to hydrogen release induce tissue inflammation, which limits its clinical applications. Many techniques are applied to the Mg surface to improve surface biocompatibility and control its biodegradability. This chapter focuses on anodization of Mg and its alloys to improve corrosion resistance and biocompatibility for orthopedic application. Mg coating with thin film apatite could enhance the biocompatibility and increase osseointegration formation in the bone fracture side. Evaluation of the required anodized film discussed in the chapter such as chemical composition, biodegradability and biocompatibility