De la épica celta a la épica castellana. La literatura como nuevo campo de estudios de la Hispania céltica

Se analizan los elementos celtas en dos obras literarias: Cantar de Mio Cid y Romance del Conde Arnaldos. Se aportan abundantes paralelos en tradiciones celtas. Además, se destaca la importancia de los estudios literarios como otra vía de investigación de la Hispania celta.------------- Celt elements are analysed in two well known works of the Spanish medieval literature: El Cantar de Mio Cid and Romance del Conde Arnaldos. They offer some clear Celtic traditions and show the importance of literary studies as another way to investigate preroman Celtic Hispania

Un conjunto de lingotes de hierro "celtibéricos" en la Real Academia de la Historia

La reorganización y publicación del Catálogo de Prehistoria de la Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid) ha permitido localizar un conjunto de 8 lingotes de hierro de forma bipiramidal, probablemente procedentes de la Celtiberia. Estas piezas, junto a otra hallada en el castro de Villar del Horno (Cuenca), son los únicos lingotes de la Edad del Hierro conocidos en España. Se discuten su origen en la cultura de La Téne y sus paralelos desde Gran Bretaña a Europa Central, así como su metrología, que parece corresponder a una "libra Celtibérica" de c. 455 g. Su fecha puede situarse teóricamente entre el siglo IV y el II a.C. Su importancia radica en ser un importante testimonio de la industria del hierro en la Celtiberia, famosa en el Antigüedad

La alimentación de la antigua Baria en época romana y prerromana

Sin resume

Detecting the ultra low dimensionality of real networks

Reducing dimension redundancy to find simplifying patterns in high dimensional datasets and complex networks has become a major endeavor in many scientific fields. However, detecting the dimensionality of their latent space is challenging but necessary to generate efficient embeddings to be used in a multitude of downstream tasks. Here, we propose a method to infer the dimensionality of networks without the need for any a priori spatial embed ding. Due to the ability of hyperbolic geometry to capture the complex con nectivity of real networks, we detect ultra low dimensionality far below values reported using other approaches. We applied our method to real networks from different domains and found unexpected regularities, including: tissue specific biomolecular networks being extremely low dimensional; brain con nectomes being close to the three dimensions of their anatomical embedding; and social networks and the Internet requiring slightly higher dimensionality. Beyond paving the way towards an ultra efficient dimensional reduction, our findings help address fundamental issues that hinge on dimensionality, such as universality in critical behavior.Agencia Estatal de Investigación PID2019-106290GB-C22/AEI/10.13039/501100011033Generalitat de Catalunya 2017SGR106

Medellín 1991. La ladera norte del Cerro del Castillo

Medellín es un importante oppidum Orientalizante de la Península Ibérica de extensión y cronología comparables a las poblaciones turdetanas. Formaba parte de la Cultura Tartésica y su población se concentraba hacia el Cerro del Castillo para controlar la rica vega y el paso del río hacia las áreas pacidentales, lo que explica su papel como centro de las Vegas del Guadiana. Tras la Cultura Tartésica, evolucionó hacia la “Cultura de los Oppida” de Extremadura, para la que ofrece una secuencia clave, ya que mantuvo contactos con el área turdetana hasta su temprana romanización, siendo el principal apoyo de Roma hasta la fundación de Emerita Augusta.Medellín is an important oppidum of the Orientalizing Period in Iberia; its extension and chronology are similar to other turdetanian settlements. It took part of the Tartesian Culture. The settlemet was concentrated at the Cerro del Castillo as the center of the very rich territory of Vegas del Guadiana in order to control the passage of the river to the rich northwestern areas of Iberia. After the Tartesian Culture, it evolved towards a so-called “Oppida-Culture from Extremadura“. It offers a very important sequence because it had contacts with the turdetanian area untill its romanisation, when it played a important role before the foundation of Augusta Emerita

Artificial termite-fishing tasks as enrichment for sanctuary-housed chimpanzees: Behavioral effects and impact on welfare

The welfare of captive animals is nowadays a topic of major concern. In order to express their natural behavioral repertoires, however, animals require complex environments and stimuli which are difficult to reproduce in captivity. To overcome this, environmental enrichment is considered one of the most successful tools to increase behavioral opportunities and enhance animal welfare. In this study, we explored whether providing an artificial termite-fishing task, and whether participation in this task, predicted changes in the solitary and social behavior of sanctuary-housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). We compared chimpanzee behavior when the enrichment was presented to different periods without enrichment. We found that the presence of the enrichment predicted an increase in tool use and feeding behavior and a decrease in inactivity, especially for those chimpanzees with higher participation. However, we did not detect significant changes in abnormal or self-directed behaviors. Furthermore, we found no variation in affiliation- or aggression-related behaviors, but social proximity increased in chimpanzees that participated more. Our results support previous studies demonstrating that artificial termite-fishing promotes species-typical behaviors in captive chimpanzees with no major effects on social activities

Plant residue chemical quality modulates the soil microbial response related to decomposition and soil organic carbon and nitrogen stabilization in a rainfed Mediterranean agroecosystem

Soils play a major role in the global carbon cycle and are crucial to the management of climate change. Changes in plant cover derived from different agricultural practices induce variations in the quality of plant residue inputs and in the soil microbial community structure and activity, which may enhance the storage and protection of organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) within aggregates. The aim of this study was to assess how differences in the chemical composition of plant residues in combination with tillage management practices affect the local microbial community activity and structure, and subsequent soil aggregation and OC and N dynamics in an organic, rainfed almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) orchard. In the laboratory, three types of plant residue (shoots, roots, and the combination of both) coming from different species belonging to each agricultural practice (reduced tillage, reduced tillage plus green manure, reduced tillage plus organic manure, and no-tillage) were mixed with their respective soils and the CO2 released was measured over 243 days at 60% WHC and 28 °C. Water-stable aggregates (including microaggregates within macroaggregates), enzymatic activities related to carbon (dehydrogenase and ß-glucosidase) and N (urease) cycling, and the microbial biomass and community structure through phospholipid fatty acid analysis, were measured at the end of the incubation period. Our results indicate that the chemical composition of plant residues controls the microbial community response, mediating decomposition and the incorporation of OC and N in stable aggregates. Therefore, the incorporation of labile and N-rich plant residues into the soil by reduced tillage is recommended since mixing roots and shoots from green manure increased the formation of free micro-aggregates and improved OC and N stabilization in our semiarid agroecosystem. © 2021 Elsevier LtdThis research was supported with funds from the Fundaci?n S?neca of the Murcia Region (projects 08757/PI/08, EMISEMUR 19350/PI/14 and DECADE 20917/PI/18). Parts of this research were performed within the framework of the project IMPASEC AGL2011-25069 funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Econom?a y Competitividad. Mar?a Almagro was supported by the Juan de la Cierva Program (Grant IJCI-2015-23500) and Antonio Ruiz-Navarro by the Fundaci?n General from the Spanish Research Council (CSIC, ConFuturo Progamme). We thank members of the Soil and Water Conservation Group - Eloisa Garc?a, Inmaculada Montoya, and Mar?a Jos? Espinosa - for helping us with the field and laboratory work, and Gonzalo Barber? for his useful advice with statistical analyses. We also thanks Gonzalo Herv?s, from the Instituto de Ganader?a de Monta?a of the Spanish Research Council, for performing the fiber fraction analysis. We are also grateful to Claire Chenu and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive and insightful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript

Fluvial geomorphological dynamics and land use changes: impact on the organic carbon stocks of soil and sediment

The drainage basin of the Turrilla river (SE of Spain) went through important land cover changes since 1950s; from mainly an agrarian scenario in 1956 to other depopulated and forested in 2015. This study analyzes the effects of land use changes on fluvial dynamics and their relationship with the organic carbon (OC) stock in fluvial sedimentary deposits as well as in the soil of the basin. Methods included a fluvial geomorphological analysis and a land use change analysis in combination with OC databases of soil and sediment. Results showed that the fluvial channel experienced important morphological changes related to different erosion processes and stabilization of fluvial deposits, induced by land use changes in the drainage area. The active channel decreased 63% in the study period, while bank erosion and gully erosion increased (34% and 21 %, respectively). Alluvial fans and alluvial plain were also extended (21% and 7 %, respectively) and alluvial bars were colonized by vegetation. Sediment was impoverished in OC compared to catchment soils (0.24 enrichment ratio sediment/soil). However the increase of OC stock (Mg ha-1) was very similar between soil (25 %) and sediment (23 %). The total reservoir of OC (Mg) increased 27% in sediments and 25% in the catchment soils. Results show the large influence of geomorphological dynamics on the OC reservoir at the catchment scale. A very high potential of fluvial sediments to increase OC sinks was observed, particularly in scenarios where the active channel is narrowed and the fluvial channel is encroached with vegetation, facilitating the input of OC in sediment. The potential of sediment to sequester organic carbon could be very useful in planning and management of fluvial sedimentary zones in climate change mitigation policies. © 2019, Universidad Austral de Chile. All rights reserved.Este estudio ha recibido apoyo financiero del proyecto DISECO (CGL2014-55405-R) del Plan Nacional de Ciencia del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, del proyecto SOGLO (P7/24 IAP BELSPO) del gobierno de Bélgica. AHM recibió apoyo financiero para una estancia en la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina) del Banco de Santander mediante el Convenio Becas de Intercambio Latinoamérica (Programa ILA). CBF recibió apoyo financiero para dos estancias en el extranjero del programa Salvador de Madariaga 2017 (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, Gobierno de España) y del programa Jiménez de la Espada 2017 (Fundación Séneca, Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia). MAB fue parcialmente financiada por un contrato Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación (Ref: IJCI-2015-23500). Todas estas estancias permitieron el trabajo continuado en la redacción de este artículo