Heterochromatin Polymorphisms and Chromosomes Damage in Heavy Smoking Men

Objective: The goal of the study is to appraise the heterochromatin polymorphism and chromosomal abnormalities associated with chromosome in smoking men. Methods: During a 9-months period (January 2014 to September 2014) a total of 60 heavy smoking men (more than 20 cigarettes daily) together with 60 normal controls were subjected to the present investigation. A study of the variants heterochromatin of chromosomes1, 9 and 16 was performed on lymphocyte culture followed by C-banding from a total of 60 heavy smokers and 60 nonsmoker persons. Constitutive evaluation was based on qualitative method, blood culture, chromosomes harvesting and C-band technique were carry out according to the standard methods. Results: Study indicates smoking men had significantly increased frequency of larger C- band variants on chromosome 1 and 9 as compared with nonsmoking men (p˂0.05).  The frequency of inversions revealed significant differences for variants heterochromatin of chromosome 1, 9 and to less extent 16 between smokers and nonsmokers control group and significant association (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results confirm the positive correlation between the amount of heterochromatin on chromosomes 1 and 9 and susceptibility of the smoking men to early development of cancer. Keywords: Polymorphisms, Chromosomes, Heterochromatin, Smoking

The transformation strategy and its role in forming the structure of future architecture

Nature's strategies and solutions represent a significant and rich source to benefit from in creating an architectural composition that corresponds to its structure, which leads to the emergence of unexpected, vibrant, and constantly changing architectural forms due to the continuous development and progress in technology and science. Transformation is one of the strategies of nature that can be used to form the structure of future architecture, characterized by diversity and continuous formal change. Therefore, this strategy must be studied to create an adaptive architectural structure. The research aims to develop a theoretical framework that explains the role of transformation strategy in forming the structure of future architecture. The study thus reviews the basic concepts of transformation and future architecture. Then it presents the mechanisms to achieve transformation in architecture. Indicators of the conceptual framework of the transformation strategy are extracted from the knowledge provided about it. The conceptual framework represents a tool for enhancing the transformation strategy taken from nature to create innovative future architectural structures that look like living organisms, where they can perform adaptation processes and formal diversity

Proximate Composition of Fresh Water Prawn Marobrachium Nipponenses and Crab Potamon sp. from al-Hawizah Marshes, South of Iraq

The seasonal changes were studied in the chemical composition in muscle of caridean prawn Macrobrachium nipponenses and crab Potamon sp. from al-Hawizah marshes– south Iraq for the period from June 2016 to May 2017. that was found to be varied among the two different size groups examined. The results showed that there were clear seasonal differences in the chemical composition of both crustaceans, with the highest rate of protein 20.02% in species M. nipponenses in the spring, while the highest rate of fat for the same species 3.52% in winter, while the highest rate For the second species of protein 19.28% in the spring, while the highest rate of fat ratio in this species 2.64% in the autumn, and showed the moisture and ash ratios of the two species mentioned clear seasonal differences.In general, the protein content in muscle male and female of two crustaceans was higher in small size groups than in large size groups. The protein content in two sexes and size groups of two species were high. Keywords: Macrobrachium nipponense, proximate chemical, Protein, Fats, Carbohydrates. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/11-1-0

Gene Expression Bcl-2 Gene in Cancer of Brest in Iraqi population

The breast cancer is dangerous disease in the world . Molecular methods are important and necessary to diagnose breast cancer. Many of the genes with expression change like Bcl-2 gene is specifically, coding an anti-apoptotic protein and and therefore classified as an oncogene. Determine the damage of Bcl- 2 gene as a cause of some types of cancer, such as breast cancer, leukemia, prostate cancer and lung cancer .In this study, we examined Bcl-2 expression levels in (malignant, benign and healthy) tissues of the breast .They were fifty Laboratory samples (18 cancer tumor , 12 benign and 20 marginal (non-cancer) breast tissue that diagnosed based on their information were obtained from their files and records in all patients in this study , to extract the DNA and measure the level of expression of gene under study by molecular technique of ( r –t PCR ). Expression of gene under study is higher levels in malignant group and the fold of expression was 10.00 time higher than the control group and also in the benign group the fold of expression was 2.18 that higher than the control group.The results showed the expressed gene Bcl-2 is significantly higher in the third grade of breast tumor samples with Ct (22.14) of the first grade with CT (25.63) and the second with CT (24.07). According to the results of the study that the use of molecular methods in measuring the expression of Bcl-2 gene may help to diagnose the disease and may be considered that the Bcl2 gene is molecular tool for the early detection of breast cance

Finite element method for dynamic modelling of an underwater flexible single-link manipulator

In order to control the angular displacement of the hub and to suppress the vibration at the end point of an underwater flexible single-link manipulator system efficiently, it is required to obtain an adequate model of the structure. In this study, a mathematical model of an underwater flexible single-link manipulator system has been developed and modelled as a pinned-free, an Euler-Bernoulli flexible beam using finite element method based on Lagrangian approach analysis. Damping, hub inertia and payload are incorporated in the dynamic model, which is then represented in a state-space form. The simulation algorithm was developed using matlab and its performance, on the basis of accuracy in characterizing the behavior of the manipulator, is assessed

Antibacterial Activity of the Crude Phenolic, Alkaloid and Terpenoid Compounds Extracts of Lactuca serriola L. on Human Pathogenic Bacteria

Objective: To reveal the effect of the crude phenolic, alkaloid and terpenoid compounds extracts of Lactuca serriola L. on some Human Pathogenic Bacteria.Methods: Antibacterial activities of the crude Phenolic, Alkaloid and Terpenoid of medicinal plant were determined by in vitro by agar diffusion-method against some human pathogenic bacteria.Results: obtained results showed that among nine pathogenic bacteria, only Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus Gram-positive were susceptible for Terpenoid, Alkaloid and Phenolic compounds while Staphylococcus epidermidis was resistant to active compounds.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that we can conclude that the effect of active compounds in same plant has different effect on different pathogenic organisms in different concentration. Keywords: Antibacterial Activity; Lactuca serriola L; Pathogenic Bacteri

Pore-Scale Displacement Efficiency during Different Salinity Water Flooding in Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Microstructures

Previous macroscopic core flooding tests have shown that injecting low-salinity water improves oil recovery in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs through wettability alteration. However, consistent mechanistic clarification of the underlying physicochemical mechanisms involved in oil wettability at the pore-scale level is not fully understood. In this work, a microfluidic approach is used to provide in situ visualization of oil–brine flow to give an indication of the micromechanisms affecting oil sweep efficiency. The potential of enhancing oil recovery by low-salinity flooding at the microscale is also investigated, which would help in predicting a reservoir’s performance before committing to production processes at a large field scale. Two types of crude oils with various acid numbers were used, and hydrophilic and hydrophobic physical microstructures were used to mimic sandstones and carbonates. The results revealed a reduction by 7–10% in the residual oil for the water-wet microstructure when the seawater was diluted twice from its original concentration, apparently due to a decrease in the attractive forces. There is no change in the recovery factor for the oil-wet micromodel for the two kinds of crude oils examined. Tertiary low-salinity flooding did not show any effect on the initial wetting state of the hydrophobic surface, rendering it with a strongly oil-wet condition. It is also observed that flow dynamics of the two microstructures examined are different, as the snap-off–coalesce phenomenon dominants the flow in the water-wet system, while oil moved by a piston-like displacement with a stable or irregular front in the hydrophobic system. In contrast to some of the published macroscopic results, our pore-scale displacement shows that low-salinity flooding seems to be an unsuitable choice for enhanced oil recovery for strongly oil-wet reservoirs

INVESTIGATION OF ACCD3 GENE OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IRAQI ISOLATES

Objective: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of the deadliest human pathogens, causes several million new infections and about 2 million fatalities annually. The cell wall of M. tuberculosis is endowed with a highly impermeable, complex array of diverse lipids such as mycolic acids, which bestow the bacterium with not only virulence but also resistance to host immunity and antibiotics.Methods: Mycobacterial lipid metabolism has thus emerged as an attractive target for the design and development of novel antimycobacterial therapeutics. The first committed step in the biosynthesis of mycolic acid is the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA which is catalyzed by acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase carboxyl transferase beta subunit (accD3), a primer pairs were designed computationally and used for the amplification of accD3 gene using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing the PCR product and analyze the results.Results: Two sequences of the detection gene (LprM gene) and eight sequences of accD3 gene under study were deposited at NCBI – GenBank database with accession numbers (LC009881, LC009880.1, LC006979, LC008196, LC009412, LC009414, LC034168, LC038020, LC041163, and LC041368) and primer pairs deposited at Probe database/NCBI with accession number Pr032816836.Conclusion: AccD3 gene is a good drug target in MDR M. tuberculosis strains

Consumption Rates of Invasive Freshwater Gastropod Pomacea Canaliculata on Aquatic Plants from Shatt Al-Arab River, Basra, Iraq

Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) is a common species in many parts of the world and an important consumer of aquatic macrophytes. We conducted laboratory tests to quantify the rates of consumption of aquatic plants in Shatt Al-Arab River, Basra, Iraq. six freshwater plant species were presented to an invasive P. canaliculata in laboratory tests. This study was carried out during January to December 2017 to evaluate the consumption rates to specific aquatic plants than others by freshwater snails Pomacea canaliculata. Specimens of Snails were collected from ponds in intertidal zones at banks of Shatt al-Arab River near Al- Salhyaa canal in Shatt Al- Arab city  from aquatic plants; Typha domingensis, Phragmites australis, Bacopa monniera, Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton crispus. The presence of these Specimens aquatic plants was affected by the water temperature and   salinity, they almost disappear in winter leading to low snail numbers at that season. Statistical analysis shows a significant differences (P<0.05) between numbers of snails on five aquatic plants in the field that were these are collected. Bacopa monniera , Lemna minor, C. demersum and P. crispus were the higher preferred to snails in this study, while T. domingensis, P. australis recorded lower preferred by snails. In this study we use snail Pomacea canaliculata as a biological control agent of common macrophyte weeds species. Results indicated that P. canaliculata reared on Lemna, Bacopa, Ceratophyllum and Potamogeton had the highest food preference and consumption rates, but all individuals fed with Phragmites showed lowest feeding consumption rates and little the food preference. significantly differing from the others. However, in the absence of Bacopa , Lemna, Ceratophyllum and Potamogeton were consumed. Keywords: Consumption rate, aquatic plants, Pomacea canaliculata, Snail . DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/52-0