240 research outputs found
Bioenergetic status and hypoxia in Lewis lung carcinoma assessed by 31P NMR spectroscopy: correlation with tumor progression
Aim: Π’o evaluate the hypoxia level and some indices of Lewis lung carcinoma energy metabolism by means of 31Π NMR spectroscopy in perchloric acid (PCA) tissue extracts during growth of primary tumor and metastasis. Πaterials and Methods: C57Bl/6 mice-bearing Lewis lung carcinoma were used in this study. Tumor energy metabolism was studied by 31P NMR spectroscopy and the metabolic NMR ratios were used as parameters for metabolic status and hypoxia level. Results: It was shown that growth of primary tumor is accompanied with increase of Pi/PCr, Pi/bNΠ’P and PME/bNΠ’P ratios that reflect drop of tumor energy status and oxygenation level in tumor tissue. These changes in relevant metabolic ratios correlate with enlargement of primary tumor volume (r = 0.87, p = 0.0045; r = 0.90, p = 0.0012; r = 0.764, p = 0.05, respectively) as well as with the number of lung metastases (rs = 0.761, p = 0.028; rs = 0.86, p = 0.0049; rs = 0.77, p = 0.040, respectively). Conclusion: In present study it was shown that 31Π NMR spectroscopy of PCA tumor tissue extracts may be used as reliable method for the assessment of the level of oxygenation as well as changes in energy metabolism in the experimental tumors. It may be helpful to evaluate the energy status of human tumors by investigation both of biopsy and surgical specimens. Hypoxia and hypoxia-associated metabolic events in primary tumor are linked with malignant progression, in particular metastasis.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΡΡΠΈΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ 31Π Π―ΠΠ -ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ
Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
(Π Π‘Π) ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠaΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ C57Bl/6 Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π―ΠΠ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ, oΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ,
ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Pi/PCr, Pi/Ξ²NΠ’P and PME/Ξ²NΠ’P Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ (r = 0,87, p = 0,0045; r =
0,90, p = 0,0012; r = 0,764, p = 0,05 ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ) ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π² Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
(rs
= 0,761, p = 0,028; rs
= 0,86,
p = 0,0049; rs
= 0,77, p = 0,040 ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ). ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ 31Π Π―ΠΠ -ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ PCA ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡ-Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°
Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΎ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
Mechanochemistry and solubilization of drugs
The results on solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs,
indomethacin, piroxicam, and meloxicam, with the help of
mechanochemical methods are presented. The mechanocomposites
of the drugs with various excipients, including soluble
polymers and non-soluble fine porous inorganic oxides, were
obtained by co-grinding using vibrational and planetary
centrifugal mills. The samples obtained revealed higher release rate and apparent solubility of the drugs with respect to the initial ones. Nevertheless, in some cases, e.g. for composites of piroxicam with alumina and ferric oxide, decreasing the release rate and solubility of the drug was observed suggesting the formation of poorly soluble strong drug - carrier associates
Influence of reagents mixture density on the radiation-thermal synthesis of lithium-zinc ferrites
Influence of Li[2]CO[3]-ZnO-Fe[2]O[3] powder reagents mixture density on the synthesis efficiency of lithium-zinc ferrites in the conditions of thermal heating or pulsed electron beam heating was studied by X-Ray diffraction and magnetization analysis. The results showed that the including a compaction of powder reagents mixture in ferrite synthesis leads to an increase in concentration of the spinel phase and decrease in initial components content in lithium-substituted ferrites synthesized by thermal or radiation-thermal heating
Effect of powder compaction on radiation-thermal synthesis of lithium-titanium ferrites
Effect of powder compaction on the efficiency of thermal and radiation-thermal synthesis of lithium-substituted ferrites was investigated by X-Ray diffraction and specific magnetization analysis. It was shown that the radiation-thermal heating of compacted powder reagents mixture leads to an increase in efficiency of lithium-titanium ferrites synthesis
Copolymer of chitosan with acrylamide: electron beam stimulated synthesis, structure and properties
The aim of this research was to obtain the grafted copolymer of chitosan with acrylamide using the electron beam irradiation. Radiation dose was varied from 6 to 160 kGy. The highest yield of the product was observed at radiation dose of 12β40 kGy. Further increase in the dose caused a decrease in the product yield as well as its solubility in water. Using gel permeation chromatography, it was confirmed that unreacted chitosan remained in the product. NMR study of the water-soluble part of the product obtained under the doses of 6, 12, and 20 kGy showed that the length of the side chains of grafted acrylamide was about 2 elementary units. Investigation of chitosan solutions by means of dynamic light scattering revealed the presence of chitosan agglomerates in the solution. The possibility of obtaining dense films was demonstrated. Mechanical treatment of the copolymer in the ball mill caused an increase in the solubility of the samples obtained even at radiation doses of 80 and 160 kGy. It was determined by means of chromatographic methods that there were no products with low molecular weight in the ball-milled product, and unreacted chitosan did not undergo mechanocracking during the mechanical treatment
Long-term effects of chronic buspirone during adolescence reduce the adverse influences of neonatal inflammatory pain and stress on adaptive behavior in adult male rats
Neonatal pain and stress induce long-term changes in pain sensitivity and behavior. Previously we found alterations in pain sensitivity in adolescent rats exposed to early-life adverse events. We tested whether these alterations have long-lasting effects and if those effects can be improved by the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonist buspirone injected chronically during the adolescent period. This study investigates: (1) effects of inflammatory pain (the injection of formalin into the pad of a hind paw) or stress (short maternal deprivation-isolation, MI), or their combination in 1Γ’\u80\u932-day-old rats on the adult basal pain, formalin-induced pain, anxiety and depression; (2) effects of adolescent buspirone in adult rats that experienced similar early-life insults. Changes in nociceptive thresholds were evaluated using the hot plate (HP) and formalin tests; levels of anxiety and depression were assessed with the elevated plus maze and forced swim tests respectively. Both neonatal painful and stressful treatments induced long-term alterations in the forced swim test. Other changes in adult behavioral responses were dependent on the type of neonatal treatment. There was a notable lack of long-term effects of the combination of early inflammatory pain and stress of MI on the pain responses, anxiety levels or on the effects of adolescent buspirone. This study provides the first evidence that chronic injection of buspirone in adolescent rats alters antinociceptive and anxiolytic effects limited to adult rats that showed behavioral alterations induced by early-life adverse treatments. These data highlight the role of 5-HT1A receptors in long-term effects of neonatal inflammatory pain and stress of short MI on adaptive behavior and possibility of correction of the pain and psychoemotional behavior that were altered by adverse pain/stress intervention using buspirone during critical adolescent period
Swirling astrophysical flows - efficient amplifiers of Alfven waves
We show that a helical shear flow of a magnetized plasma may serve as an
efficient amplifier of Alfven waves. We find that even when the flow is purely
ejectional (i.e., when no rotation is present) Alfven waves are amplified
through the transient, shear-induced, algebraic amplification process. Series
of transient amplifications, taking place sequentially along the flow, may
result in a cascade amplification of these waves. However, when a flow is
swirling or helical (i.e., some rotation is imposed on the plasma motion),
Alfven waves become subject to new, much more powerful shear instabilities. In
this case, depending on the type of differential rotation, both usual and
parametric instabilities may appear. We claim that these phenomena may lead to
the generation of large amplitude Alfven waves and the mechanism may account
for the appearance of such waves in the solar atmosphere, in accretion-ejecion
flows and in accretion columns. These processes may also serve as an important
initial (linear and nonmodal) phase in the ultimate subcritical transition to
MHD Alfvenic turbulence in various kinds of astrophysical shear flows.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication (25-11-02) in
Astronomy and Astrophysic
New palynological data for Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) deep-marine sandstones of the Western Caucasus, southwestern Russia
Information on Jurassic palynomorphs from the Greater Caucasus is potentially of great importance, but its availability to the international research community is severely limited. New palynological data for Toarcian deposits of the Western Caucasus are recorded in the present paper. Particularly, dinoflagellate cysts are described for the first time from the Bagovskaja Formation; palynomorphs are found in sandstone levels within this unit. The most representative
assemblage includes pollen (with predominant bisaccate pollen), spores (Cyathidites being commonest), and dinoflagellate cysts amongst which the predominant taxon is Nannoceratopsis spiculata. The dinocyst assemblage implies a late Toarcian age for the upper part of the Bagovskaja Formation. On the basis of these new palynostratigraphical results, the range of the formation is extended; previously, only the lower part had been dated on ammonite evidence
SELECTING THE OPTIMAL CALIBRATION OF THE ROLLERS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE READY SHEVLER
Π£Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ². Π‘ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ²Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ².The improvement in the structure of the finished product is chosen as the goal of optimizing the calibration of the rolling rolls. Using the theory of systems and the theory of graphs, spaces of channel calibers and channel calibrations are formed, and matrices of adjacent channel calibers are also made up
THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE SCHEME OF METAL DEFORMATION WHILE ROLLING CHANNELS
The decrease in the magnitude of the unevenness of the deformation was chosen as one of the goals of optimizing the calibration of the rolling rolls. With the use of the universal βConcept of Optimal Calibrationβ, channels of channel calibers and channel calibrations are formed, and an algorithm for forming the space of channel calibrations schemes and for selecting the optimal calibration scheme.Π£ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ². Π‘ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Β«ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈΒ» ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ²Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ
- β¦