Finding the Least Restrictive Environment for Preschoolers under the IDEA: An Analysis and Proposed Framework

Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, both school- and preschool-age children who qualify for special education services are entitled to education in the least restrictive environments appropriate to their needs. For school-age children, the presumptive least restrictive environment is the regular class where their nondisabled peers participate. By contrast, defining an analogous environment for preschool children is difficult, because public schools rarely provide preschool for children without disabilities. This Comment argues that the Act’s language, principles, purposes, and implementing regulations suggest that the settings where a preschool child’s nondisabled peers learn should be identified as that child’s presumptive least restrictive environment. Examples of such settings may include the home, community, and regular preschool. This Comment then provides an analytical framework that courts can use when determining the least restrictive environment for a preschool child

Force and finiteness in the Spanish complementizer system

The goal of this paper is to show that the structure of CP in Spanish is more complex than it appears to be in most descriptive approaches. In particular, we analyze five types of constructions, which are quite extended in all dialects of Spanish but which have remained almost unaddressed in grammatical studies. These data clearly reveal a complex structure for Spanish CP both in root and embedded clauses: They involve sentences with more than one instance of a complementizer heading the clause, sentences where a wh-element (interrogative or exclamative) can be preceded or followed by the complementizer que ‘that’, and matrix sentences (obligatorily) introduced by an explicit Comp, among other cases. Our point of departure will be the studies on the so called “sentence left periphery” (Rizzi 1997) containing an upper limit, ForceP and a lower limit, FinP. Our claim will be that in Spanish there are two instances of que: que1 and que2 which are respectively generated in the upper and in the lower part of the sentence periphery. In addition, we will provide data suggesting that there might even be a third instance of que, a kind of “reinforcement” of Force. In this sense Spanish resembles some languages which are very different from the typological point of view.The research behind this paper has been financed by the Spanish DGI (MEC) through a grant to the Project BFF2003-06053

Impact of Salvage Surgery and Re-irradiation for Radiation Failed Recurrent Skull Base Meningiomas

View full abstracthttps://openworks.mdanderson.org/leading-edge/1052/thumbnail.jp

Iodine Staining of Escherichia coli Expressing Genes Involved in the Synthesis of Bacterial Glycogen

The presence of intracellular glycogen can be detected by the following iodine staining technique. Cells with glycogen stain dark brown, whereas in its absence they remain with a pale yellowish color. It is hypothesized that iodine atoms fit into helical coils formed by the α-polyglucan to form a coloured glycogen-iodine complex. Here, we have studied the expression of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) genes that control the biosynthesis of this polysaccharide. Thus, we expressed glgC and glgD genes coding for both ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase subunits in Escherichia coli (E. coli) AC70R1-504 cells to complement the deficient accumulation of glycogen by this strain. In control cells or in those where an inactive protein was expressed, the synthesis of the polysaccharide was undetectable by this iodine staining technique.Fil: Demonte, Ana M.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Asención Diez, Matías Damián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Guerrero, Sergio Adrian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Ballicora, Miguel A.. Loyola University Chicago. Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; Estados UnidosFil: Iglesias, Alberto Alvaro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentin

Soybean glycinin improves HDL-C and suppresses the effects of rosuvastatin on hypercholesterolemic rats.

Background: This study was an investigation of the effects of ingesting a daily dose of isolated glycinin soy protein (11S globulin), in association with rosuvastatin, on the control of hypercholesterolemia in experimental animals. Methods: Male Wistar rats were kept in individual cages under appropriate controlled conditions of temperature, light and humidity. The animals were divided into five groups (n = 9): 1) standard (STD): fed on casein as protein source; 2) hypercholesterolemic (HC): STD plus 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid; 3) HC+11S: hypercholesterolemic + glycinin (300 mg/kg/day); 4) HC+ROS: hypercholesterolemic + rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg/day); 5) HC+11S+ROS: HC diet, the 11S protein and the drug in the doses given in (3) and (4). The protein and the drug were administered by gavage for 28 days. The results indicated that the addition of 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid induced hypercholesterolemia in the animals without interfering with their weight gain. Results: A single daily dose of glycinin contributed an additional 2.8% of dietary protein intake and demonstrated its functional role, particularly in raising HDL-C, decreasing triglycerides in the liver and improving the atherogenic index in animals exposed to a hypercholesterolemic diet. Conclusion: Most of the beneficial effects of the isolated treatments disappeared when the drug (rosuvastatin) and the protein (glycinin) were taken simultaneously. The association was shown not to interact additively, as noted in the plasma levels of total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, and in the significant increase of cholesterol in the liver. Studies are in progress to identify the effects of peptides derived from the 11S globulin and their role in cholesterol metabolism

Hacia un control inmunológico de la toxocariasis: inmunoprotección en canes con antígenos de Toxocara canis

Tanto en perros como en seres humanos la toxocariasis se controla con el uso de drogas antiparasitarias. Su continuo uso produce resistencia en el hospedero. El perro es fundamental en la contaminación del ambiente con huevos de Toxocara canis y posterior transmisión accidental de ellos al hombre. Interrumpir la cadena epidemiológica de transmisión es primordial. En este ensayo preliminar se investigó la inmunoprotección en canes con antígenos de T. canis. Se inocularon cinco perros: dos (una hembra y un macho) con antígenos de excreción-secreción, dos hembras con antígenos escondidos y un macho destinado como control. A los 15 días de la segunda dosis, todos los animales fueron infectados con 500 huevos larvados de T. canis. A los 25 días los perros fueron desparasitados, registrándose la carga parasitaria como indicador de efectividad de la inoculación. Todos mostraron huevos en el día 25 post desafío y la posterior negativización a los 20 días en los inmunizados. En el perro control, la cantidad de huevos fue mayor en el día 25 post desafío que en los animales del grupo experimental y aumentó aún más en los días posteriores. Estos resultados iniciales permiten estimular los estudios de selección de antígenos e inmunoprotección con miras a la obtención de un sistema vacunal para canes. La bibliografía internacional no muestra experiencias similares en la unidad T. canis-perro

A Low Dimensional Description of Globally Coupled Heterogeneous Neural Networks of Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons

Neural networks consisting of globally coupled excitatory and inhibitory nonidentical neurons may exhibit a complex dynamic behavior including synchronization, multiclustered solutions in phase space, and oscillator death. We investigate the conditions under which these behaviors occur in a multidimensional parametric space defined by the connectivity strengths and dispersion of the neuronal membrane excitability. Using mode decomposition techniques, we further derive analytically a low dimensional description of the neural population dynamics and show that the various dynamic behaviors of the entire network can be well reproduced by this reduced system. Examples of networks of FitzHugh-Nagumo and Hindmarsh-Rose neurons are discussed in detail

FACT-MNG: tumor site specific web-based outcome instrument for meningioma patients

To formulate Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Meningioma (FACT-MNG), a web-based tumor site-specific outcome instrument for assessing intracranial meningioma patients following surgical resection or stereotactic radiosurgery. We surveyed the relevant literature available on intracranial meningioma surgery and subsequent outcomes (38 papers), making note of which, if any, QOL/outcome instruments were utilized. None of the surgveyed papers included QOL assessment specific to tumor site. We subsequently developed questions that were relevant to the signs and symptoms that characterize each of 11 intracranial meningioma sites, and incorporated them into a modified combination of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain (FACT-BR) and SF36 outcome instruments, thereby creating a new tumor site-specific outcome instrument, FACT-MNG. With outcomes analysis of surgical and radiosurgical treatments becoming more important, measures of the adequacy and success of treatment are needed. FACT-MNG represents a first effort to formalize such an instrument for meningioma patients. Questions specific to tumor site will allow surgeons to better assess specific quality of life issues not addressed in the past by more general questionnaires

Monitoreo de glifosato en agua superficial en Entre Ríos: La investigación acción participativa como metodología de abordaje

Las pérdidas de glifosato desde agroecosistemas y su impacto sobre el agua superficial generan preocupación en los actores de la comunidad rural y urbana de Entre Ríos, habiéndose generalizado percepciones de riesgo. La ausencia de información ha agudizado la sensibilidad social, requiriéndose un abordaje adecuado. Los objetivos fueron: conformar una red de monitoreo del efecto del uso de glifosato sobre la calidad del agua (RMCA) en el área agrícola de Entre Ríos; estimar la concentración de glifosato en agua superficial, y acordar prácticas agronómicas de bajo impacto ambiental. Se desarrolló una investigación acción participativa (IAP), con participación de diferentes actores en todas las instancias del estudio. Se llevó adelante un programa de sensibilización de profesionales, productores y organismos interesados en conocer la calidad de aguas. La selección de sitios y el muestreo fueron realizados por los integrantes de la RMCA. Se establecieron tres períodos de muestreo: 1.°: 15 agosto – 15 setiembre 2012; 2.°: 15 noviembre – 15 diciembre 2012, y 3.°: 15 marzo – 15 abril 2013. Las concentraciones de glifosato fueron clasificadas en 3 categorías: <0,1 μg L-1; 0,1-240 μg L-1 y ˃240 μgL-1. La RMCA resultó integrada por 70 miembros. Se evaluaron 311 puntos y 703 muestras de agua. En el primer período, 4,7% de los puntos superó el nivel de 240 μgL-1, mientras que en el segundo todas las concentraciones resultaron inferiores, de las cuales un 69,2% presentó valores inferiores a 0,1 μg L-1. El 76% de las muestras de marzo/abril presentó concentraciones inferiores a 0,1 μg L-1. Los resultados se discutieron con los integrantes de la RMCA en un taller replicado en cuatro localidades y en un segundo evento se acordaron prácticas agronómicas de bajo impacto ambiental. La IAP demostró ser una metodología adecuada para analizar los cambios en la calidad del agua superficial debidos al uso de glifosato en Entre Ríos. La cuantificación de la concentración de glifosato permitió analizar el riesgo de contaminación no medido precedentemente, lo cual fue motor de búsqueda de soluciones consensuadas entre los diferentes actores del sector agroalimentario para mitigar o remediar impactos ambientales por el uso de agroquímicos.There is concern about glyphosate losses from agroecosystems and its impact on surface water in urban and rural communities of Entre Rios, having a widespread perception of risk in public opinion. Social awareness was exacerbated by lack of information, which requires an adequate approach. The objectives were: i) to set up a network for monitoring the effect of glyphosate use on water quality (RMCA) in the agricultural area of Entre Rios, ii) to estimate glyphosate concentration in surface water as a result of losses from the agroecosystem, and iii) to identify management practices of low environmental impact to be agreed on with members of the agro alimentary sector. The methodological framework applied corresponds to a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach. An awareness program for professionals, farmers and organizations interested in knowing water quality was carried out. Site selection and water sampling were carried out by RMCA members. A schedule of 3 sampling periods was established: 1º) August 15th - September 15th 2012, 2º) November 15th - December 15th 2012 and 3º) March 15th - April 15th 2013. Concentration of glyphosate in the water samples was determined by the Elisa technique, using as a UPLC-MS/MS verification method. Glyphosate concentrations were classified according to the guide levels defined by the Undersecreatriat of Water Resources of Argentina and the European Union: < 0.1 µg L-1; 0.1-240 µg L-1 y ˃ 240 µg L-1. The RMCA network was integrated by 70 members becoming a community-based organization to promote the preservation of surface water. 311 monitoring points and 703 water samples were evaluated. In the first period, 4.7% of the monitoring points overcame the level of 240 µg L-1 whereas in the second sampling instance all concentrations results were lower, 69% of them showing values below 0.1 µg L-1. 76% of the March-April samples resulted in concentrations below 0.1 µg L-1. Results were discussed by RCMA members in a workshop that was replicated at 4 locations. In a second meeting, the members identified on agronomic practices of environmental low impact. The PAR proved to be an adequate methodology to analyze changes in the quality of surface water due to the use of glyphosate in the agricultural area of Entre Rios. The quantification of glyphosate concentration in water allowed to know the risk of pollution, not previously measured, which promoted the search for consensual solutions among stakeholders of the agro alimentary sector to either mitigate or solve environmental impact by the use of agrochemicals.Fil: Sasal, Maria Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Entre Ríos. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Wilson, Marcelo Germán. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Entre Ríos. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Sione, Silvana. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Beghetto, S. M.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Entre Rios. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Parana. Agencia de Extension Rural Crespo.; ArgentinaFil: Gabioud, Emmanuel Adrián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Entre Ríos. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Oszut, José D.. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Paravani, Enrique Valentin. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Demonte, Luisina Delma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos; ArgentinaFil: Repetti, María Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos; ArgentinaFil: Bedendo, Dante Julián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Entre Ríos. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Medero, Silvina Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; ArgentinaFil: Pautasso, Natalia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Entre Ríos. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Schulz, G. A.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Suelos; Argentin