Applications of spatial altimetry to studies of ocean dynamics in the Gulf of Cadiz

Sea-level records, and their global and local spatio-temporal variations, are related to many oceanographic and geophysical features. The sea surface can also be visualised as the physical representation of the geoid, averaging the sea-surface records over long periods to eliminate the short periods of dynamic perturbation. Over the last ten years, orbit determination improvements have opened up the possibility of using, for ocean dynamic and sea-level variation studies, several altimetric satellites, accurate to the sub-decimetre level (ERS-1, ERS-2, Topex-Poseidon). Of these satellites, Topex-Poseidon makes it possible to measure the sea-level variation over global or regional zones with an accuracy better than 5 cm. This paper presents the results of the sea-surface height measurements from Topex-Poseidon, corrected for wet and dry troposphere range delays, ionosphere delay, sea-state bias, the inverse barometer, loading effects and the oceanic, solid-earth and pole tides. The authors analyse the spatio-temporal stability of the geoid OSU91-a and the mean sea-surface OSUMSS95, comparing the behaviour of the dynamic signal using the two different surfaces along Topex profile 122, which overflies the Atlantic apertures of the Gulf of Cadiz. Long-term analysis has been done over several points located on the Iberian Atlantic continental margin using Topex Poseidon altimeter data collected from October 1992 (cycle 2) to October 1997 (cycle 186). The main findings of the data analysis present a semi-annual variation with peaks in autumn and winter, separated on the order of 20 cm, which could be explained by the seawater temperature seasonal variation and the doubtful use of the inverse barometer model to correct the response of the ocean to changes in atmospheric pressure. Records also show a secular variation in the regional sea level of roughly 3 mm/year, according to historical tide-gauge trends, which could also probably be explained by polar ice melting and a slight warming tendency of the ocean.Los registros de la variación espaciotemporal del nivel del mar están relacionados con un gran número de procesos oceanográficos y geofísicos que afectan a la superficie del océano y que pueden representar físicamente la figura del geoide, al eliminarse las variaciones dinámicas de corto periodo una vez promediados los registros sobre largos periodos de tiempo. En el último decenio los desarrollos técnicos y las mejoras en los formalismos de corrección y cálculo de las órbitas han permitido misiones altimétricas de precisión subdecimétrica, especialmente diseñadas para el estudio de la variación del nivel del mar y la dinámica oceánica global y regional (ERS-1, ERS-2, Topex-Poseidon). Una vez corregidos los observables del altímetro conforme propone la Agencia AVISO, se han comparado las precisiones del geoide OSU91-a con la superficie media OSUMSS95, analizando los valores obtenidos en la señal dinámica en el perfil del Topex n1 122, al sobrevolar la zona del Atlántico ibérico. Los autores presentan los resultados del estudio que han realizado de los datos obtenidos por el satélite Topex-Poseidon entre los ciclos 2 y 186 de sus órbitas (octubre de 1992 y octubre de 1997) en varios puntos del margen continental ibérico. Los principales resultados presentan una variación, del orden de 20 cm, en el nivel del mar en los bajos de Gorringe de tipo semianual, justificable con la variación de la temperatura de las masas de agua superficiales entre otoño e invierno y un comportamiento inadecuado del modelo de barímetro invertido en las zonas de estudio. Una variación del mismo orden se detecta en el golfo de Cádiz, igualmente justificable por la variación estacional de la temperatura del océano en su superficie. Además de la variación semianual se detecta una variación secular del orden de 2 a 3 mm/año, probablemente de naturaleza global, compatible con los resultados obtenidos con mareógrafos clásicos, justificable por la fusión de hielos en los casquetes polares y un ligero aumento secular de la temperatura de las masas de agua del océano en la zona del margen continental ibérico.Instituto Español de Oceanografí

Universal class of type-IIB flux vacua with analytic mass spectrum

We report on a new class of flux vacua generically present in Calabi-Yau compactifications of type-IIB string theory. At these vacua, the mass spectrum of the complete axiodilaton/complex structure sector is given, to leading order in a' and g(s), by a simple analytic formula independent of the choice of Calabi-Yau. We provide a method to find these vacua and construct an ensemble of 17,054 solutions for the Calabi-Yau hypersurface WP[1,1,1,6,9]4, where the masses of the axiodilaton and the 272 complex structure fields can be explicitly computed.This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry MCIU/AEI/FEDER Grant No. PGC2018-094626-B-C21, the Basque Government Grant No. IT-979-16, and the Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE). K. S. is supported by the Czech science foundation GACR Grant No. 19-01850S. M. A. U. is also supported by the University of the Basque Country Grant No. PIF17/74. For the numerical work, we used the computing infrastructure of the ARINA cluster at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)

Towards a Complete Mass Spectrum of Type-IIB Flux Vacua at Large Complex Structure

The large number of moduli fields arising in a generic string theory compactification makes a complete computation of the low energy effective theory infeasible. A common strategy to solve this problem is to consider Calabi-Yau manifolds with discrete symmetries, which effectively reduce the number of moduli and make the computation of the truncated Effective Field Theory possible. In this approach, however, the couplings (e.g., the masses) of the truncated fields are left undetermined. In the present paper we discuss the tree-level mass spectrum of type-IIB flux compactifications at Large Complex Structure, focusing on models with a reduced one-dimensional complex structure sector. We compute the tree-level spectrum for the dilaton and complex structure moduli, including the truncated fields, which can be expressed entirely in terms of the known couplings of the reduced theory. We show that the masses of this set of fields are naturally heavy at vacua consistent with the KKLT construction, and we discuss other phenomenologically interesting scenarios where the spectrum involves fields much lighter than the gravitino. We also derive the probability distribution for the masses on the ensemble of flux vacua, and show that it exhibits universal features independent of the details of the compactification. We check our results on a large sample of flux vacua constructed in an orientifold of the Calabi-Yau WP[1,1,1,1,4]4. Finally, we also discuss the conditions under which the spectrum derived here could arise in more general compactifications

Evidence of a new phase in gypsum-anhydrite transformations under microwave heating by in situ dielectric analysis and Raman spectroscopy

[EN] Mineral transformations of the gypsum-anhydrite system under microwave heating have been studied using in situ dielectric thermal analysis (MW-DETA) and Raman spectroscopy simultaneously. The dielectric properties of samples that were measured under microwave heating provided thorough information about the dynamics of the gypsum-anhydrite system transformations and its significance from the mineralogical point of view. In particular, the MW-DETA technique revealed a new intermediate phase with a gamma-anhydrite structure. This phase corresponds to the soluble stage of gamma-anhydrite, and it is characterized by a high ionic charge inside the crystal channels. The complete sequence is gypsum -> 0.625-subhydrate -> bassanite -> hydro gamma-anhydrite -> anhydrous gamma-anhydrite -> beta-anhydrite. The transformations were also assessed using DSC, TG, DTA and dielectric measurements at room temperature, as well as other techniques including X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and high-temperature XRD (HT-XRD). Correlations between the dielectric properties with temperature and the rest of the techniques elucidated the heating mechanisms of this material under microwave energy during the different stages. The in situ combination of the MW-DETA and the Raman analysis appears to be a powerful technique, providing new insights about the mechanisms which govern the volumetric heating of this and other materials.López-Buendía, AM.; García-Baños, B.; Urquiola, MM.; Catalá Civera, JM.; Penaranda-Foix, FL. (2020). Evidence of a new phase in gypsum-anhydrite transformations under microwave heating by in situ dielectric analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 22(47):27713-27723. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cp04926cS27713277232247A. C. Metaxas and R. 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Modeling of microwave heating of andesite and minerals. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53(17-18), 3387-3393. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.03.012S. M. J. Koleini and K.Barani in The development and application of microwave heating , ed. Wenbin C. , IntechOpen , London , 2012 , ch. 4, p. 79A. M. López-Buendía , B.García-Baños , J.Bastida , G.Llorens-Vallés , M. M.Urquiola and J. M.Catalá-Civera , presented at 3GCMEA, Cartagena, Spain, July 2016Reinosa, J. J., García-Baños, B., Catalá-Civera, J. M., & Fernández, J. F. (2019). A step ahead on efficient microwave heating for kaolinite. Applied Clay Science, 168, 237-243. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2018.11.001Kitchen, H. J., Vallance, S. R., Kennedy, J. L., Tapia-Ruiz, N., Carassiti, L., Harrison, A., … Gregory, D. H. (2013). Modern Microwave Methods in Solid-State Inorganic Materials Chemistry: From Fundamentals to Manufacturing. Chemical Reviews, 114(2), 1170-1206. doi:10.1021/cr4002353Sun, J., Wang, W., & Yue, Q. 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High Temperature Dielectric Properties of Iron- and Zinc-Bearing Products during Carbothermic Reduction by Microwave Heating. Metals, 10(5), 693. doi:10.3390/met10050693Catala-Civera, J. M., Canos, A. J., Plaza-Gonzalez, P., Gutierrez, J. D., Garcia-Banos, B., & Penaranda-Foix, F. L. (2015). Dynamic Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Materials at High Temperature During Microwave Heating in a Dual Mode Cylindrical Cavity. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 63(9), 2905-2914. doi:10.1109/tmtt.2015.2453263Hildyard, R. C., Llana-Funez, S., Wheeler, J., Faulkner, D. R., & Prior, D. J. (2011). Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) Analysis of Bassanite Transformation Textures and Crystal Structure Produced from Experimentally Deformed and Dehydrated Gypsum. Journal of Petrology, 52(5), 839-856. doi:10.1093/petrology/egr004Azam, S. (2006). Study on the geological and engineering aspects of anhydrite/gypsum transition in the Arabian Gulf coastal deposits. 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Thermal expansion of gypsum investigated by neutron powder diffraction. American Mineralogist, 81(7-8), 847-851. doi:10.2138/am-1996-7-807Schmidt, H., Paschke, I., Freyer, D., & Voigt, W. (2011). Water channel structure of bassanite at high air humidity: crystal structure of CaSO4·0.625H2O. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 67(6), 467-475. doi:10.1107/s0108768111041759Bezou, C., Nonat, A., Mutin, J.-C., Christensen, A. N., & Lehmann, M. S. (1995). Investigation of the Crystal Structure of γ-CaSO4, CaSO4 · 0.5 H2O, and CaSO4 · 0.6 H2O by Powder Diffraction Methods. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 117(1), 165-176. doi:10.1006/jssc.1995.1260Christensen, A. N., Olesen, M., Cerenius, Y., & Jensen, T. R. (2008). Formation and Transformation of Five Different Phases in the CaSO4−H2O System: Crystal Structure of the Subhydrate β-CaSO4·0.5H2O and Soluble Anhydrite CaSO4. 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Charge density in anhydrite, CaSO4, from X-ray and neutron diffraction measurements. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 36(12), 2881-2890. doi:10.1107/s0567740880010461Gracia, L., Beltrán, A., Errandonea, D., & Andrés, J. (2011). CaSO4 and Its Pressure-Induced Phase Transitions. A Density Functional Theory Study. Inorganic Chemistry, 51(3), 1751-1759. doi:10.1021/ic202056bCrichton, W. A., Parise, J. B., Antao, S. M., & Grzechnik, A. (2005). Evidence for monazite-, barite-, and AgMnO4(distorted barite)-type structures of CaSO4at high pressure and temperature. American Mineralogist, 90(1), 22-27. doi:10.2138/am.2005.1654Pedersen, B. F., & Semmingsen, D. (1982). Neutron diffraction refinement of the structure of gypsum, CaSO4.2H2O. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 38(4), 1074-1077. doi:10.1107/s0567740882004993De la Torre, Á. G., López-Olmo, M.-G., Álvarez-Rua, C., García-Granda, S., & Aranda, M. A. G. (2004). Structure and microstructure of gypsum and its relevance to Rietveld quantitative phase analyses. Powder Diffraction, 19(3), 240-246. doi:10.1154/1.1725254Hartman, P. (1989). On the unit cell dimensions and bond lengths of anhydrite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 1(5), 721-722. doi:10.1127/ejm/1/5/0721Morikawa, H., Minato, I., Tomita, T., & Iwai, S. (1975). Anhydrite: a refinement. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 31(8), 2164-2165. doi:10.1107/s0567740875007145Prieto-Taboada, N., Gómez-Laserna, O., Martínez-Arkarazo, I., Olazabal, M. Á., & Madariaga, J. M. (2014). Raman Spectra of the Different Phases in the CaSO4–H2O System. Analytical Chemistry, 86(20), 10131-10137. doi:10.1021/ac501932fAntao, S. M. (2011). Crystal-structure analysis of four mineral samples of anhydrite, CaSO4, using synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction data. 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Prevalencia de las especies parasitarias en canes en la ciudad de Lobos

Los perros son hospedadores definitivos de helmintos y protozoarios zoonóticos eliminando formas parasitarias con sus heces que contaminan espacios públicos, donde encuentran condiciones favorables para la continuidad de sus ciclos evolutivos.La población convive con ese ambiente exponiéndose a infecciones, donde los niños por sus hábitos lúdicos son los más suceptibles.La distribución e intensidad de las enfermedades están influenciadas por factores climáticos, geográficos, culturales y económicos. El objetivo del presente trabajo, fue estudiar la prevalencia de parásitos en muestras fecales de perros vagabundos y con dueños en la localidad de Lobos (Provincia de Buenos Aires).Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Prevalencia de las especies parasitarias en canes en la ciudad de Lobos

Los perros son hospedadores definitivos de helmintos y protozoarios zoonóticos eliminando formas parasitarias con sus heces que contaminan espacios públicos, donde encuentran condiciones favorables para la continuidad de sus ciclos evolutivos.La población convive con ese ambiente exponiéndose a infecciones, donde los niños por sus hábitos lúdicos son los más suceptibles.La distribución e intensidad de las enfermedades están influenciadas por factores climáticos, geográficos, culturales y económicos. El objetivo del presente trabajo, fue estudiar la prevalencia de parásitos en muestras fecales de perros vagabundos y con dueños en la localidad de Lobos (Provincia de Buenos Aires).Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Prevalencia de las especies parasitarias en canes en la ciudad de Lobos

Los perros son hospedadores definitivos de helmintos y protozoarios zoonóticos eliminando formas parasitarias con sus heces que contaminan espacios públicos, donde encuentran condiciones favorables para la continuidad de sus ciclos evolutivos.La población convive con ese ambiente exponiéndose a infecciones, donde los niños por sus hábitos lúdicos son los más suceptibles.La distribución e intensidad de las enfermedades están influenciadas por factores climáticos, geográficos, culturales y económicos. El objetivo del presente trabajo, fue estudiar la prevalencia de parásitos en muestras fecales de perros vagabundos y con dueños en la localidad de Lobos (Provincia de Buenos Aires).Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Lessons from Early REDD+ Experiences in the Philippines

There is growing interest globally in REDD+ initiatives to help mitigate climate change; the Philippines is no exception. In this paper, we review early REDD+ project experiences in the country. The guiding document for REDD+ in the Philippines is the National REDD+ Strategy (PNRPS) which was prepared by a multisectoral group of authors. There are five REDD+ projects that are underway. The critical factors emerging from these early REDD+ actions are the following: external support, local participation, free prior and informed consent, capacity building, sustainability, national laws and policies, biodiversity conservation, and use of safeguards. The pioneering projects reviewed here as well as the emerging lessons from them will hopefully provide a firmer basis for future REDD+ actions in the country

Design of novel iron compounds as potential therapeutic agents against tuberculosis

In the search for new therapeutic tools against tuberculosis two novel iron complexes, [Fe(L–H)3], with 3-\ud aminoquinoxaline-2-carbonitrile N1,N4-dioxide derivatives (L) as ligands, were synthesized, characterized by\ud a combination of techniques, and in vitro evaluated. Results were compared with those previously reported\ud for two analogous iron complexes of other ligands of the same family of quinoxaline derivatives. In addition,\ud the complexes were studied by cyclic voltammetry and EPR spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammograms of the iron\ud compounds showed several cathodic processes which were attributed to the reduction of the metal center\ud (Fe(III)/Fe(II)) and the coordinated ligand. EPR signals were characteristic of magnetically isolated high-spin\ud Fe(III) in a rhombic environment and arise from transitions between mS=±1/2 (geff~9) or mS=±3/2\ud (geff~4.3) states. Mössbauer experiments showed hyperfine parameters that are typical of high-spin Fe(III)\ud ions in a not too distorted environment. The novel complexes showed in vitro growth inhibitory activity on\ud Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294), together with very low unspecific cytotoxicity on\ud eukaryotic cells (cultured murine cell line J774). Both complexes showed higher inhibitory effects on M.\ud tuberculosis than the “second-line” therapeutic drugs.CYTEDPEDECIBA Químic